taxonID	type	description	language	source
EB424677DE46FFB36A56F9D668DCE153.taxon	description	From this integrative approach, we conclude the existence of 17 Bonnetina species; all of them are supported by more than one source of evidence (Fig. 2). The signals offered by the three data sources were complementary, and we consider that our integrative approach was far superior to any single view.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE4EFFBB6BCFF8AB6F3EE218.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Bonnetina cyaneifemur Vol, 2000 (by monotypy) Diagnosis (emended): Bonnetina differs from all Theraphosidae genera by the adult males having a patch of granules in the basal ventro-retrolateral region of metatarsus I and three tibial apophyses (e. g. Fig. 12 I, J). Characterization: Theraphosinae spider that has a single patch of type III urticating hairs on the central to posterior regions of the abdomen. Abdomen without trace of transversal colour bands. Retrolateral side of femora IV covered by a pad of ciliate hairs. Stridulatory apparatus absent. Adult males have a patch of granules in the basal ventro-retrolateral region of metatarsus I and three tibial apophyses (accessory apophysis poorly developed in some species); they bear a retrolateral nodule on the pedipalpal tibia, and pedipalpal bulbs with at least PS, PI and SP keels. Bulbal paraembolic apophysis absent. Females with a single spermatheca.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE52FFA56A59FAF06FDBE169.taxon	description	1 b. I Nipple-shaped spermatheca (Figs 16 K, 18 K and 27 H). Not known to dig deep burrows in the open …………………………………………………. 4 1 c. Mammiform spermatheca (Figs 1 7 K and 19 K). Not known to dig deep burrows in the open. ……… .. ……………………………………… .. 6 1 d. Domiform spermatheca (Figs 20 K, 21 K and 22 K). Not known to dig deep burrows in the open ……. … .... ……………………………………… 8 1 e. Crescent-shaped spermatheca (Figs 14 I, J, 27 D – G). Adults dig deep, unprotected (not under stones) burrows in the open (Fig. 6 B) …… .................... ……. ………… B. tanzeri 2 a. I Large-s i ze d a d u l ts (C L> 1 5. 0; ss = 4). Appendages with abundant copper to pink pubescence (Fig. 8 B). Distributed close to the coast of Jalisco and northern coast of Colima (Fig. 1) …. …. ……………………… .. B. cyaneifemur 2 b. I Small to medium-sized adults (CL <12.0). Appendages not as colourful: brown to black (Fig. 8 H; Ortiz & Francke, 2015: fig. 1 B) ……………………………. ……………… ... 3 3 a. I Medium-sized adults (12> CL> 11; ss = 2). Carapace covered by striking dense red copper pubescence (Fig. 8 H). Known only from a tropical deciduous forest locality close to the boundaries between the states of Michoacán, Guerrero and México (280 masl) (Fig. 1) ………. ………. B. minax (partial) 3 b. I Small to medium-sized adults (CL <10; ss = 3). Carapace covered by less dense darker copper pubescence (Ortiz & Francke, 2015: fig. 1 B). Known only from a grassland locality at 1250 masl, in the vicinity of Zuluapan, state of Mexico (Fig. 1) ... …………………… B. tenuiverpis 4 a. I Patellae stripes conspicuous, light brown (Fig. 9 F). Only known from one locality in La Unión municipality, close to the coast of Guerrero (Fig. 1) … ....... ……………………… ... B. hijmenseni 4 b. I Patellae stripes barely conspicuous or inconspicuous (Figs 8 H and 9 B) ………. …… .. …………… .. 5 5 a. I Carapace dorsally reddish (Fig. 8 H). Known only from a deciduous shrub locality close to the boundaries between the states of Michoacán, Guerrero and México (280 masl) (Fig. 1). ………………… ... B. minax (partial) 5 b. U Carapace dorsally coppery (Fig. 9 B). Known from a single deciduous shrub locality south-east of Colima city, at 500 masl (Fig. 1) …… .. ………………………… .. B. malinalli 6 a. P a t e l l a e s t r i p e s i n c o n s p i c u o u s (Fig. 8 F) …………… .. …………… .. B. papalutlensis 6 b. I Patellae stripes moderately to clearly distinct (Figs 9 D, H) … .. …. …………………………………. 7 7 a. U Three known localities, in the right side (downstream perspective) of the Balsas River, Michoacán (Fig. 1) … ... …… .. …………… B. vittata 7 b. U Two known localities, on the left side (downstream perspective) of the Balsas River, Guerrero (Fig. 1) ……………………………… .. B. julesvernei 8 a. I D o m i f o r m - h i g h s p e r m a t h e c a (Fig. 21 K) ………………… .. ……. … .. B. megagyna 8 b. Domiform-low spermatheca (Figs 20 K and 22 K) ……………………………. …………………… 9 9 a. I Sternum sub-oval, clearly longer than wider (Fig. 22 A). Known only from Cañón del Sabino, a locality of tropical deciduous forest, at 600 masl in the northern boundaries of the Sierra Madre del Sur (Oaxaca) (Fig. 1) ……………………………………… ... B. tindoo 9 b. I Sternum sub-circular, approximately as wide as long (Fig. 23 A) ……………………………………. 10 10 a. I Urticating hair patch normal (Fig. 10 B) .. ……. 11 10 b. I Urticating hair patch reduced (Figs 11 D) …… ..... 12 11 a. I Specimens usually reach medium size (CL> 9). Known only from the surroundings of Tepoztlán, at about 2400 masl in Morelos (Fig. 1) ……………………………………. B. alagoni 11 b. I Small-sized specimens (CL <8.5). Distributed in the surroundings of the Valley of Mexico and one locality in Veracruz, always above 2000 masl (Fig. 1) …………… .. ……………………… .. B. aviae 12 a. U Scopula covering only the distal ½ of metatarsus I. Known only from a grassland locality at 1300 masl, in the vicinity of Zotoltitlán, centraleastern Guerrero (Fig. 1) …………. …… B. hobbit 12 b. I Scopula covering at least the distal ¾ of metatarsus I ………………………………………………… 13 13 a. I The single known adult female is medium-sized (CL = 10.0). Carapace sub-oval (Ortiz & Francke, 2015: fig. 13 A). Known only from the surroundings of Juxtlahuaca Cavern, a tropical deciduous forest locality at 930 masl in central Guerrero (Fig. 1) ……………………………… B. juxtantricola 13 b. I Small-sized specimens (CL <8.5; ss = 2). Carapace sub-elliptical (Ortiz & Francke, 2015: fig. 6 A). Known only from La Cumbre, an oak forest locality at 1200 masl, in northern Guerrero (Fig. 1) …………. …………… .. B. unam	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE57FFA26B9CFF6069A1E22D.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 3 A, 4 A, 6 C, 8 A – B, 12, 25 A – C, 27 A – C; TABLES 1 – 2) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 615 E 5537 - 13 E 0 - 4674 - 8287 - 46 A 16 FF 977 A 3	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE57FFA26B9CFF6069A1E22D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: MEXICO: Colima State: Manzanillo municipality: Sierra [sic.] de los Toros (Cerro del Toro). Material examined (n = 8): ♂ a holotype (MNHNP-AR 10931). MEXICO: Colima State. Cerro del Toro. Unknown collecting date. Fabian Vol, col. Under a palm tree bark. ♀ topotype (CNANAr 4069 A): 19.1553 °, – 104.4104 °: 530 masl. 3 / XII / 2012. Emmanuel Goyer, David Ortiz and Eddy Hijmensen, cols. In a retreat built on the open end of a log. Tropical semi-deciduous forest. ♀ a topotype (CNANAr 4069 B): same locality, date and collectors as previous specimen. Crossing a path at about 17: 00 h. It built a cocoon with 27 eggs, in captivity. Jalisco State. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 4070). Cihuatlán municipality: 5 km SE of Aguacaliente town (Federal Road 200): 19.3384 °, – 104.8598 °: 110 masl. 5 / XII / 2012. D. Ortiz, E. Goyer and E. Hijmensen. Crossing Federal Road 200 between 16: 00 and 18: 30 h. Tropical deciduous forest. ♀ a (CNAN-Ar 4071). Tomatlán municipality: 11 km south of José María Morelos town (Federal Road 200): 19.6068 °, – 105.1311 °: 20 masl. 6 / XII / 2012. E. Hijmensen, E. Goyer and D. Ortiz. Crossing Federal Road 200 between 16: 00 and 18: 30 h. Tropical deciduous forest. Moulted in captivity on 21 / X / 2013. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 4072). Tomatlán municipality: 1.5 km south-west of José María Morelos town: 19.6619 °, – 105.2022 °: 30 masl. 6 / XII / 2012. E. Hijmensen, E. Goyer and D. Ortiz. Under stone. Tropical deciduous forest. Matured in captivity on 20 / X / 2013. ♀ a (CNAN-Ar 4073). Tomatlán municipality: 7 km south-west of José María Morelos town (Federal Road 200): 19.6218 °, – 105.1538 °: 30 masl. 6 / XII / 2012. E. Hijmensen, E. Goyer and D. Ortiz. Crossing Federal Road 200 at 17: 00 h. Tropical deciduous forest. Matured in captivity on 20 / X / 2013. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3687). La Huerta municipality: Chamela Ecological Reserve: 19.5064 °, – 105.0489 °: 45 masl. 4 / X / 2010. Griselda Montiel, Gerardo Contreras, Ricardo Paredes and Diego Barrales. Under log. Matured in captivity. Diagnosis (emended): Morphology. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by being medium to large-sized and by having moderately to strongly developed tibiae I accessory apophysis, not geniculate pedipalpal bulbs, and long and sub-conical bulbal embolus, lacking PSA keel. Males differ from those of B. tenuiverpis, B. malinalli and B. minax by its pedipalpal bulb shape and by having the appendages covered by abundant copper to pink pubescence (brown to black in the other species). They also differ from B. tenuiverpis and B. malinalli by being much larger. Females differ from most species by having pawn-shaped spermatheca. They differ from females of B. tenuiverpis and B. minax by reaching a larger size and by the colourful appendages (like in males). DNA. No diagnostic COI nucleotides present. Both mitochondrial lineages (see below) have COI p - distances to other species above 7 %; variability inside each lineage of less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods and remarks: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology, HG barcoding, PTP and distributional models. Molecular methods based on COI detect two lineages inside the species. These mitochondrial lineages seem not to be supported by the morphological evidence (this study) and the nuclear and integrative evidence (Ortiz & Francke, 2016).	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE54FFAE683FFCAC6A8CE35D.taxon	description	(FIG. 13; TABLE 2) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0 EECE 282 - C 429 - 403 D- 9 CC 8 - B 3206 A 006596	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE54FFAE683FFCAC6A8CE35D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Mexico Material examined (n = 1): ♀ holotype (MNHNP- 4813). Mexico (with no additional details). Remarks: Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871, is one of the most poorly understood genera in Theraphosinae. Its type species Cyclosternum schmardae Ausserer, 1871, was described based on a single female from a very poorly defined locality: Cordilleren 4000 – 5000 ’ (The Cordilleras, at 4000 – 5000 feet). Not even the country or the geographic area was mentioned in the original description. After this, Cyclosternum has become a ‘ dump’ genus, as at least species of 12 genera have been once placed in it (World Spider Catalog, 2016). Contemporary diagnoses of the genus have been based on material doubtfully identified. For example, in his mygalomorph revision, Raven (1985) did not examine the type specimen of C. schmardae, but others that he considered congeneric to Cyclosternum. Likewise, in the most complete Theraphosinae revision to the present, Pérez-Miles et al. (1996) used a male and a female, which were probably erroneously assigned to the types of C. schmardae (Ortiz, 2008). Most of the 12 species that are still located in Cyclosternum are from South America. The exceptions are three Mexican species, including C. obscurum. The holotype of C. obscurum (Fig. 13) is a small-sized tarantula that possesses a central patch of urticating hairs type III on the abdomen, and a single spermatheca with a very similar shape to those of B. aviae and other morphologically similar Bonnetina species (see below) with domiform-low spermatheca (see Estrada-Alvarez & Locht, 2011). These characters allow the species to be placed in Bonnetina, but without more data or an accurate type locality, a large degree of uncertainty remains as to its species-level identity. Transferring C. obscurum to Bonnetina locates the species in the right group, and declaring it a nomen dubium accounts for the uncertainty as to its identity and increases taxonomic stability.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5BFFAF682CFCFA6814E722.taxon	description	(FIG. 1; TABLE 1) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DB 2 A 34 BF- 9 EA 7 - 45 DE- ADEA- 554 E 3 FC 8 B 8 E	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5BFFAF682CFCFA6814E722.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species was described based on a single male, supposedly collected in Arteaga (Arteaga municipality, Michoacán State) by H. U. Rechsteiner (Vol, 2001), a person who is known to smuggle tarantulas into the European pet trade. Wildlife traffickers usually lie about the provenance of their specimens, to avoid competition. The holotype of B. rudloffi was supposed to be deposited at MNHNP (Vol, 2001), but both the curator of the collection Christine Rollard (personal communication, 2015) and the arachnologist Jorge Mendoza (personal communication, 2015) failed to locate it there. The original description of B. rudloffi is verbose, but we did not find any characters that help to establish its species-level identity, and the images included are of poor quality. The Michoacán and Guerrero sub-coastal areas, where Arteaga is located, are one of the main Bonnetina hotspots (in this contribution, we are describing three new species from a small geographic area there) (Fig. 1; Table 1). Finally, Arteaga has been included for some years in the epicentre of drug cartel wars and the fight of Mexican society against the drug illegal trade. This fact has turned Arteaga in an unsafe place to visit. For all these reasons, we think that there is currently no credible way to clarify the identity of B. rudloffi and to remove the taxonomic instability that it causes in the group, so we declare the species a nomen dubium.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5AFFAF6BBDFEF66FFBE579.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 5 A, 10 B; TABLE 1) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 34 CD 7 E 3 - D 7 D 8 - 435 B- AFD 9 - 39 E 9826 AA 99 D	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5AFFAF6BBDFEF66FFBE579.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: MEXICO: Morelos State: Tepoztlán municipality: Tepoztlán (19.01 °, – 99.06 °). Material examined (n = 10): MEXICO: Morelos State: Tepoztlán municipality. ♂ a holotype (CNAN-T 0736) and ♀ paratype (CNAN-T 0737). Tepoztlán: 19.01 °, – 99.06 °. 5 / II / 2007. Rafael Aguilar Cortés, col. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3650 A) and 2 ♀♀ a (CNAN-Ar 3650 B, CNANAr 3650 C): 1 km east of San Juan Tlacotenco town: 19.0178 °, – 99.0811 °; 2420 masl. 13 / IV / 2012. David Ortiz, Diego Barrales, Jorge Mendoza, Gerardo Contreras, Carlos Santibáñez, Laura Olguín and Natalia Zepeda, cols. Under stones. 3 ♀♀ a (CNAN-Ar 10094 A-C): 1 km east of San Juan Tlacotenco town: 19.0199 °, – 99.0798 °; 2400 masl. 20 / II / 2015. D. Ortiz and Ricardo Paredes, cols. In shallow burrows under stones. Two specimens (A and B) with egg sacs. Secondary vegetation. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 4099 A) and ♀ a (CNAN-Ar 4099 B). Tepoztlán: 19.01 °, – 99.06 °; 2200 masl. 11 / III / 1993. George Odell and Rick C. West, cols. Under stones. Diagnosis (emended): Morphology and natural history. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having poorly developed tibiae I accessory apophysis, not geniculate pedipalpal bulbs, and moderately long and sub-conical bulbal embolus, with PSA keel. It differs from B. juxtantricola by having the tibia I retrolateral apophysis tip rounded (instead of conical), by having a poorly developed but distinct tibia I accessory apophysis and by the pedipalpal bulb shape. Females (Fig. 10 B) differ from those of most species by having domiform-low spermatheca, sternum sub-circular (instead of sub-oval) and urticating hair patch normal (instead of reduced). They differ from females of B. aviae by reaching larger sizes, and by being known only from one locality in northern Morelos, whereas B. aviae is known from the surroundings of the Valley of Mexico and one locality in Veracruz. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (5): 84 (G), 306 (G), 519 (G), 822 (C), 885 (C). COI p-distances to other species above 6.5 %; intra-specific distances less than 2.5 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Morphology, HG barcoding and PTP. Genetic diversity. COI: KU 664207 - KU 664211 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <2.2 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina alagoni is known only from north of Tepoztlán, in Morelos, between 2200 and 2500 masl (Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt) (Fig. 1; Table 1). The distribution area is surrounded by oak forest, but we have only collected the species in exposed areas with disturbed vegetation (Fig. 5 A), in shallow burrows under stones. Adult males have been collected between February and April and females also seem to be highly seasonal: whereas a few trips out of season failed to find any specimens, on 20 February 2015, we located about 15 adult females (most of them with cocoons) in a previously explored spot of about 100 m 2. Such contrast in the abundance of specimens makes us to suspect that the specimens plug their burrows during unfavourable conditions.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5AFFAC6853FCDE6FEAE02C.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 3 B, 10 A; TABLE 1) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9 D 84 A 48 B-C 34 D- 4 E 03 - 9280 - 3 A 15 B 130 B 76 C	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5AFFAC6853FCDE6FEAE02C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: MEXICO: state of Mexico: Ecatepec de Morelos municipality: San Cristóbal neighbourhood: San Efrén graveyard: 19.5913 °, – 99.0451 °. Material examined (n = 33): MEXICO: state of Mexico. ♂ a holotype (CNAN-T 0693), 2 ♂♂ a paratypes (CNAN-T 0694) and 2 ♀♀ paratypes (CNAN-T 0695). Ecatepec de Morelos municipality: San Cristóbal neighbourhood: San Efrén graveyard: 19.5913 °, – 99.0451 °; 2300 masl. 17 / I / 2009. Julio C. Estrada-Alvarez, col. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3729 A) and 2 ♀♀ (CNAN-Ar 3729 B, Ar 3729 C). Ecatepec de Morelos municipality: NE slope of Sierra de Guadalupe: 19.6069 °, – 99.0734 °: 2370 masl. 15 / VIII / 2012. G. Contreras and D. Barrales, cols. Under stones. ♀ (CNAN-Ar 3543). Coacalco de Berriozábal municipality: main entrance to Sierra de Guadalupe Urban Park: 19.6080 °, – 99.0942 °: 2415 masl. 13 / VIII / 2011. D. Barrales, col. Under a stone. 2 ♂♂ a (CNANAr 3588 A, Ar 3588 B). Nicolás Romero municipality: 1.5 km south-east of Villa del Carbón-Tepotzotlán junction: 19.6347 °, – 99.3860 °: 2580 masl. 12 / X / 2001. Oscar F. Francke and Edmundo González, cols. Oak forest. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 4077). Ixtapaluca municipality: El Pino Hill: 19.3468 °, – 98.9194 °: 2700 masl. 2013. Carlos Cruz, col. 2 ♀♀ (AMNH). Tlalnepantla de Baz municipality: Tlalnepantla: La Blanca: 19.5400 °, – 99.1743 °: 2300 masl. 22 / VIII / 1943. C. Bolívar and B. Osorio, cols. 2 ♀♀ (AMNH). Tlalnepantla de Baz municipality: San Bartolo Tenayuca: 19.5320 °, – 99.1684 °: 2300 masl. 17 / VI / 1943. C. Bolívar, col. Ciudad de México. Coyoacán delegation: Ciudad Universitaria: Pedregal de San Ángel: 19.3206 °, – 99.1915 °: 2320 masl. Xeric scrubland. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 10093). 24 / XI / 2014. J. Mendoza, col. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3128). 3 / VIII / 1949. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3131). 13 / XI / 1959. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3132). 23 / X / 1959. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3664). 29 / X / 2009. Susana Guzmán, col. ♀ (AMNH). 13 / VIII / 1946. C. J. Goodnight, col. 5 ♀♀ (AMNH). 3 / VIII / 1942. C. Bolívar, col. Hidalgo State. ♀ (CNAN-Ar 6970). Tizayuca municipality: hill north-east of Tizayuca: 19.9001 °, – 98.9440 °; 2370 masl. 27 / I / 2014. D. Ortiz, Daniela Candia, G. Contreras and Rodrigo Monjaraz, cols. In shallow burrow under a stone in a xeric shrubland. Veracruz State: Perote municipality. Close to San Antonio del Limón Totalco town: 19.4797 °, – 97.3515 °: 2410 masl. Sandy soil. Secondary vegetation. 3 ♂♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3707, Ar 3708 A, 3708 B). 15 / VI / 2005. Pablo Berea, col. 2 ♂♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3534 A, Ar 3535) and ♀ (CNAN- 3534 B). 19 / XII / 2010. Stuart Longhorn, Eddy Hijmensen, Emmanuel Goyer and J. Mendoza, cols. Diagnosis (emended): Morphology and natural history. Bonnetina aviae belongs to a group of species with similar morphologies, which are separated from most Bonnetina species by the males (Fig. 10 A) having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, with the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally, and the females having domiform-low spermatheca. The males differ from those of B. flammigera and B. megagyna by having only simple or conical spines on top of the tibia I accessory apophysis (no stout spines). They additionally differ from males of B. flammigera in that the patellae are greyish-copper, not covered by striking copper penny pubescence. Males differ from those of B. tindoo in that the sternum is sub-circular (approximately as wide as long), not sub-oval (clearly longer than wider). Males of B. aviae and B. unam are morphologically similar. Females of B. aviae differ from those of B. tindoo in the shape of the sternum (same as in the males), from B. hobbit, B. juxtantricola and B. unam, in the normal size of the urticating hair patch (not reduced), and from B. alagoni, by reaching smaller sizes. Bonnetina aviae is known from the surroundings of the Valley of Mexico and one locality in Veracruz, whereas B. alagoni and B. unam are only known from single localities, in northern Morelos, and close to Iguala (Guerrero), respectively. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (7): 84 (C), 238 (C), 264 (C), 618 (G), 700 (A), 908 (G) and 927 (T). COI p - distances to other species above 6.5 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology (only a posteriori features), HG barcoding, PTP, distributional models. Genetic diversity. COI: KP 757184, KP 757185, KP 757220 - KP 757225, KU 664204 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <0.2 %. ITS 1: KP 757259, KP 757260, KP 757296. Intra-specific variation <2.8 %. Only two mitochondrial haplotypes have been sequenced from nine specimens from five localities, in three states, probably due to recent events of colonization (Ortiz & Francke, 2016). Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina aviae is known from nine localities, seven of them in the Valley of Mexico and its surroundings (Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico State and southern Hidalgo), which are in the border between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Mexican Plateau. The other two localities are around Totalco (Veracruz), but the species was possibly introduced there (Ortiz & Francke, 2016) (Fig. 1; Table 1). The recorded altitude range is between 2200 and 2700 masl, and the vegetation includes xerophytic shrubs, oak forests and disturbed grasslands. The predicted distribution model (Fig. 3 B; Appendix S 2) suggests suitable areas in at least a 700 km long and 130 km maximum wide fringe of elevated areas that cover the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, México, Ciudad de México, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Puebla and northern Oaxaca. Also, according to this model, the main factors that define the distribution of B. aviae are minimum temperature of coldest month, mean temperature of driest quarter and precipitation of coldest quarter. Adult males of the species have been collected between June and January (both rainy and dry seasons included), and both males and females can be collected under stones, sometimes in shallow burrows. At least in some localities of the Valley of Mexico, B. aviae is sympatric with the theraphosids Aphonopelma anitahoffmannae Locht, Medina, Rojo & Vázquez, 2005, and Hemirrhagus chilango Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5FFFA86B98FC016806E226.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 3 D, 4 B, 6 B, 8 C – D, 14, 25 D – F, 27 D – G; TABLES 1 – 2) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DC 8 AE 328 - 1604 - 4354 - 9 EC 2 - 3 B 4593810 FE 2	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE5FFFA86B98FC016806E226.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality (emended): MEXICO: Guerrero State: Pungarabato municipality: Ciudad Altamirano (18.35 °, – 100.66). Article 76.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) establishes that, for species, ‘ if capture or collection occurred after transport by artificial means, the type locality is the place from which the name-bearing type, or its wild progenitor, began its unnatural journey’. Bonnetina tanzeri was described based on captive-bred specimens descending from individuals collected in Mexico (probably Guerrero State), but more accurate data were missing (Schmidt, 2012). Schmidt obtained these specimens from, and named the species after, Harald Tanzer, an Austrian tarantula dealer. German tarantula dealer Marc Baumgarten (personal communication, 2015) claims that he collected the ancestors of the type specimens of B. tanzeri in Ciudad Altamirano, Pungarabato municipality, Guerrero State, Mexico. One adult female (CNAN-Ar 10095) obtained by Eddy Hijmensen from the European tarantula pet trade, and which is supposed to descend from the same line as the types of B. tanzeri, has the same COI haplotype as adult female CNAN-Ar 4087 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1), collected at Chacamerito (Pungarabato, Guerrero), which is located 5 km south-east of Ciudad Altamirano (Ortiz & Francke, 2016). Given the very strong genetic structuring of Bonnetina COI haplotypes (Ortiz & Francke, 2016), we consider highly likely CNAN- 10095 ancestors were collected very close to Chacamerito (i. e. Ciudad Altamirano). Finally, B. tanzeri holotype and Chacamerito specimen share crescent-shaped spermatheca and lack any significant differences. Species level synonymy: Based on integrative, morphological and molecular species delimitation criteria, Ortiz & Francke (2016) showed that B. reyescastilloi has a relatively wide distribution in the states of Mexico, Guerrero and Michoacán. These authors did not include B. tanzeri in their species delimitation study, because the type locality of this species was unknown and no genetic data were available from it. After examining the types of both nominal species and clarifying that the type locality of B. tanzeri is Ciudad Altamirano, we conclude that B. reyescastilloi is a junior synonym of B. tanzeri. Morphologically, the types of both species and specimens from across their distribution share crescent-shaped spermatheca and a reduced male pedipalpal tibia retrolateral nodule. The species is also strongly recovered as just one molecular lineage (Ortiz & Francke, 2016; this study), and it is the only Bonnetina species known to live in deep burrows in the open (Fig. 6 B). Material examined (n = 27): ♀ a holotype (ZMB), ♂ a allotype (ZMB), ♀ a paratype (CNAN-T 0742) and ♂ a paratype (CNAN-T 0741). Captive-bred by Harald Tanzer, in Austria. Donated to Günter Schmidt on VI / 2011. ♂ a holotype (CNAN-T 0923) and ♂ a paratype (CNAN-T 0924) of B. reyescastilloi. MEXICO: state of Mexico: Amatepec municipality: Ayuquila settlement: 18.7106 °, – 100.3223 °: 750 masl. 25 / VII / 2011. Edgar del Valle Salas, col. ♀ a (CNAN-Ar 3690). Amatepec municipality: hill at 2 km south of Santiago: 18.6690 °, – 100.2411 °: 1230 masl. 22 / IV / 2012. Jorge Mendoza, David Ortiz, Rodrigo Monjaraz and Gerardo Contreras, cols. In burrow of about 20 cm deep, in the open. Tropical deciduous forest. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3408). Amatepec municipality: Santiago: 18.6874 °, – 100.2448 °: 950 masl. 3 / X / 1968. Rodolfo Guerrero, col. 2 ♀♀ (CNAN-Ar 3606 A-B). Amatepec municipality: 2 – 3 km north-east of Palmar Chico: 18.7187 °, – 100.3829 °: 720 masl. 9 / VI / 2002. Edmundo González and Oscar Francke, cols. Tropical deciduous forest. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 3718 A) and 3 ♀♀ (CNANAr 3718 B-D). Amatepec municipality: 1 km east of Palmar Chico: 18.7015 °, – 100.3543 °: 850 masl. 8 / VIII / 2012. D. Ortiz, Carlos Santibáñez, Diego Barrales and R. Monjaraz, cols. Under stones. Grassland. Moulted in captivity between August and September 2012. ♀ a (CNAN-Ar 4075). Amatepec municipality: 3.3 km north of Palmar Chico (road to Bejucos): 18.7219 °, – 100.3838 °: 610 masl. 11 / XII / 2012. D. Ortiz, Eddy Hijmensen and Emmanuel Goyer, cols. Burrow in the open. Tropical deciduous forest. 2 ♂♂ a (CNANAr 4074 A-B) and 3 ♀♀ a (CNAN-Ar 4074 C-E). Tejupilco municipality: 2 km south of Bejucos (road to Palmar Chico): 18.7562 °, – 100.4241 °: 620 masl. 11 / XII / 2012. D. Ortiz, E. Goyer and E. Hijmensen, cols. In deep burrow in the open; entrance bordered by silk. Tropical deciduous forest. 2 ♀♀ a (CNAN-Ar 3737 A, Ar 3737 B). Otzoloapan municipality: 3 km north of Zuluapan: 19.1627 °, – 100.3085 °: 1250 masl. 7 / VIII / 2012. D. Ortiz, C. Santibáñez, D. Barrales, and R. Monjaraz, cols. Under stones. Grassland. Moulted in captivity. Guerrero State. ♀ a (CNAN-Ar 4087). Pungarabato municipality: ½ km south of Chacamerito: 18.3163 °, – 100.5870 °: 300 masl. 3 / II / 2013. Jorge Mendoza, D. Ortiz, D. Barrales and G. Contreras, cols. In burrow. Tropical deciduous forest. ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 4088 A) and ♀ a (CNAN-Ar 4088 B). Arcelia municipality: close to Los Brasiles: 18.3814 °, – 100.2020 °: 490 masl. 3 / II / 2013. D. Ortiz, J. Mendoza, D. Barrales and G. Contreras, cols. In burrows in road bank. Tropical deciduous forest. ♀ juv (CNAN-Ar 4089). General Canuto A. Neri municipality: close to El Texcal settlement: 18.3992 °, – 100.0988 °: 1220 masl. 3 / II / 2013. D. Ortiz, J. Mendoza, D. Barrales and G. Contreras, cols. Under a stone. Tropical deciduous forest. Michoacán State. ♀ juv (CNAN-Ar 6670 A) and ♂ juv (CNAN-Ar 6670 B). Carácuaro municipality: close to Carácuaro town: 19.0090 °, – 101.1281 °: 540 masl. 22 / XI / 2013. Ana F. Quijano Ravell, col. Under stones. Tropical deciduous forest. Diagnosis (emended): Morphology and natural history. Males differ from those of all other Bonnetina species by the reduced retrolateral nodule of the pedipalpal tibia. Females are unique in the genus by having crescent-shaped spermatheca and by the adults digging deep burrows in the open. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (3): 90 (C), 108 (A), 642 (T). COI p - distances to other species above 8.5 %; intra-specific distances less than 2.5 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016: as B. reyescastilloi); this study: morphology, HG barcoding, PTP and behaviour.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE63FF966BC8FF606EBDE72D.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2; TABLE 1) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 1 F 7 E 8 B 8 - F 542 - 430 B- BEE 3 - 9 F 1349419 DCA	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE63FF966BC8FF606EBDE72D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: MEXICO: state of Mexico: Otzoloapan municipality: 3 km north-northeast of Zuluapan town: 19.1627 °, − 100.3085 °. Material examined (n = 4): MEXICO: state of Mexico: Otzoloapan municipality: 3 km north-northeast of Zuluapan town: 19.1627 °, − 100.3085 °: 1250 masl. ♂ a holotype (CNAN-T 0755), ♀ allotype (CNAN-T 0756) and ♀ paratype (AMNH). 7 / VIII / 2012. D. Ortiz, C. Santibáñez, D. Barrales and R. Monjaraz, cols. Under stones. The holotype matured in captivity on 11 / X / 2012. ♀ paratype (CNAN-T 0757). 16 / XII / 2001. O. F. Francke and E. González, cols. Under a stone. Diagnosis (emended): Morphology. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having moderately developed tibiae I accessory apophysis, not geniculate pedipalpal bulbs, and long and sub-conical bulbal embolus, lacking PSA keel. They are unique by having the bulbal embolus remarkably slender and bearing a D keel. Females differ from most species by having pawn-shaped spermatheca. They differ from females of B. cyaneifemur by having the appendages covered by brownish pilosity, instead of copper to pink, and from those of B. minax in the much less dense and vivid carapace pubescence. Females of B. tenuiverpis also reach smaller size than those of B. cyaneifemur and B. minax. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (2): 159 (G), 324 (G). COI p - distances to other species (except B. minax) above 8.5 %; p - distance to B. minax between 2.4 and 2.9 %. COI intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology and PTP. G e n e t i c d i v e rs i t y. C O I: K C 8 0 7 3 6 9 (h o l o t y p e), KC 807370, KP 757235 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <0.2 %. ITS 1: KP 757270, KP 757301. Intra-specific variation = 0.2 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina tenuiverpis is only known from the surroundings of Zuluapan, west of México State at 1250 masl, in the boundaries between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Balsas Basin (Fig. 1; Table 1). The locality is grassland, where the spiders live under stones, with or without the protection of shallow retreats, syntopically with B. tanzeri and Brachypelma cf. albiceps. The single known male matured in captivity in October 2012 (Ortiz & Francke, 2015).	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE62FF976A5EFE106BDDE471.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 4 D, 8 G – H, 15, 25 G – I, 27 H; TABLES 1, 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0 E 12 F 8 F 1 - E 232 - 4 CFF- BD 8 E- 3 BA 9 FCF 48046	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE62FF956857FF636E33E152.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latin adjective that means ‘ threatening’. It makes reference to the dense striking reddish tonalities that cover the carapace of this species. Red is usually associated with warning signals in nature. Diagnosis: Morphology. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having strongly developed tibiae I accessory apophysis, not geniculate pedipalpal bulbs, and long and sub-conical bulbal embolus, lacking PSA keel. They differ from males of B. tenuiverpis and B. malinalli, by the much stronger development of the accessory apophysis, from B. cyaneifemur, by having the appendages covered by rather uniformly dark grey pilosity, instead of copper to pink, and additionally, from all three B. tenuiverpis, B. malinalli and B. cyaneifemur, by its pedipalpal bulb shape. Females differ from most species by having pawn or nipple-shaped spermatheca. They differ from females of B. cyaneifemur by the less colourful appendages (like in males), from B. malinalli and B. tenuiverpis by its larger size, from B. hijmenseni by lacking very distinct patellae stripes and from all B. cyaneifemur, B. malinalli, B. tenuiverpis and B. hijmenseni, by having the carapace covered by dense bright copper pubescence. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (3): 30 (G), 159 (A), 324 (A). COI p - distances to other species (except B. tenuiverpis) above 8.5 %; p - distance to B. tenuiverpis between 2.4 and 2.9 %. COI intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense bright copper pubescence, which masks partially the dark brown integument (Fig. 8 G). Femora black, with scarce bright blue hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments rather uniformly dark grey. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput almost flat and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.82; length, 1.04. Clypeus width, 0.30. AME circular, diameter, 0.44; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.50; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.34; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.46. Sternum (Fig. 15 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.46; anterior width, 1.13; posterior width, 2.23. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.5; patella, 4.2; tibia, 5.8; Total, 16.5. Leg I: femur, 10.3; patella, 6.3; tibia, 7.6; metatarsus, 6.9; tarsus, 4.9; Total, 36.0. Leg II: femur, 9.9; patella, 5.8; tibia, 6.8; metatarsus, 7.2; tarsus, 4.8; Total, 34.5. Leg III: femur, 8.3; patella, 4.9; tibia, 6.2; metatarsus, 7.8; tarsus, 4.8; Total, 32.0. Leg IV: femur, 10.7; patella, 5.3; tibia, 8.9; metatarsus, 11.7; tarsus, 5.7; Total, 42.1. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; patella v 2; tibia p 0 - 0 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 1; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; patella v 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 2 v 6 - 3 - 4; metatarsus v 8 - 1 - 0. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; patella p 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 r 0 - 1 - 2 v 3 - 3 - 4; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 2 v 1 - 2 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 2 v 3 - 4 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II present. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, apical 3 / 4 of the segment; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, II and III, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 4 hair-wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal oval patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 15 B – H). Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, curved dorsally and retrolaterally, and twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, D and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel is mostly serrated and is absent from the apical 1 / 3 of the embolus, not reaching the sperm pore area. D keel is well developed, restricted to the sub-apical zone of the embolus. SP keels approximately of the same size, extending for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are folded onto each other on their apical half, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 15 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis conical, slightly bent prolaterally and bearing a stout megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, thickened, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with a conical tip. Accessory apophysis very developed, subrectangular-shaped, bearing six stout megaspines at its apex and one conical spine on the internal border (in right limb, four stout spines on top and one conical spine in the inner side and medial area, respectively). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of 22 (24 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; one granule (only right) on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession number. COI: KP 757236. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right pedipalpal bulb is apart and coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Male variation (n = 5) (Figs 25 G – I): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 9.3 – 11.9; carapace width: 8.4 – 10.3; carapace width / length: 0.87 – 0.90; sternum length: 4.4 – 5.8; sternum width: 4.1 – 5.1; sternum width / length: 0.87 – 0.94; labial cuspules: 47 – 82; maxillary cuspules: 117 – 164; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 3 – 5; prolateral / retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.35 – 0.46; accessory / retrolateral apophysis: 0.25 – 0.31; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 17 – 23; posterior sigillae to the sternum border: 1.0 – 1.5 diameter of sigilla. Qualitative features. Ocular mask present or absent. Spine cluster in base of metatarsus II present or absent. Metatarsus I accessory apophysis strongly developed, sub-rectangular, sub-quadrate, or crescent-shaped, and bearing triangular and / or stout spines. Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense red copper pubescence, which hides the dark brown integument (Fig. 8 H). Femora black, with blue iridescent tonalities. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with light copper hairs on dark grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes poorly marked, dark brown. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears a few thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.66; length, 1.03. Clypeus width, 0.40. AME circular, diameter, 0.42; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.50; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.36; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.44. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.46; anterior width, 1.16; posterior width, 2.36. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.1; patella, 4.1; tibia, 4.2; tarsus, 4.1; Total, 18.5. Leg I: femur, 7.9; patella, 5.7; tibia, 6.3; metatarsus, 4.8; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 28.4. Leg II: femur, 7.6; patella, 5.1; tibia, 5.1; metatarsus, 4.8; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 26.3. Leg III: femur, 6.8; patella, 4.3; tibia, 4.5; metatarsus, 5.3; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 24.6. Leg IV: femur, 9.0; patella, 4.9; tibia, 7.1; metatarsus, 8.3; tarsus, 4.5; Total, 33.8. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 0 v 2 - 3 - 3. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 0 - 1 - 0; metatarsus v 0 - 1 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 1 - 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 1 - 2; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 0 - 1 - 1. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; patella p 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 r 1 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 2 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 3 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 2 v 2 - 2 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3 / 4 prolaterally and apical 1 / 2 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs wide band of non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal heptagon-shaped patch. Sexual features. Single pawn-shaped, symmetrical spermatheca (Fig. 15 K, L). GenBank accession number. COI: KP 757238. Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal conditions, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Female variation (n = 1) (Fig. 27 H): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 11.2; carapace width: 10.0; carapace width / length: 0.89; sternum length: 5.5; sternum width: 5.2; sternum width / length: 0.95; labial cuspules: 82; maxillary cuspules: 151 and 162; spermatheca base width: 0.90; spermatheca length: 0.82; spermatheca base width / length: 0.91; posterior sigillae to the sternum border: 2 diameter of sigilla. Qualitative features. Ocular mask present. Spermatheca nipple-shaped. G e n e t i c d i v e rs i t y. C O I: K P 7 5 7 1 9 5, K P 7 5 7 1 9 6, KP 757237 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <0.2 %. ITS 1: KP 757271, KP 757272, KP 757302. Intra-specific variation <0.9 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina minax has been collected in a single locality (280 masl) in Michoacán, close to the border to Guerrero, in the Balsas Basin (Fig. 1; Table 1). The spiders live under stones in a deciduous shrub, very close to Salguero town (Fig. 4 D). Two adult males were collected on early February, whereas three others matured in captivity in mid-November.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE67FF926A6AFF616BE3E763.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 4 C, 9 A – B, 16; TABLES 1, 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 55 DB 9 FA 0 - 5318 - 46 D 9 - 902 E-B 1 CABA 4 FC 2 AA	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE67FF906BFDFEDB69B9E228.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition that means ‘ scrubland’ in Nahuatl, the most spoken indigenous language in the state of Colima. It makes reference to the type of vegetation that occurs in the type locality of the species. Diagnosis: Morphology. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having distinct but poorly developed tibiae I accessory apophysis, not geniculate pedipalpal bulbs, and long and sub-conical bulbal embolus, lacking PSA keel. They differ from males of B. cyaneifemur and B. minax, by the much weaker development of the accessory apophysis, from B. cyaneifemur, by having the appendages covered by rather uniformly dark grey pilosity, instead of copper to pink, and additionally, from all three B. tenuiverpis, B. minax and B. cyaneifemur, by its pedipalpal bulb shape. Females differ from most species by having nipple-shaped spermatheca. They differ from females of B. minax by having the carapace covered by moderately dense red copper pubescence, instead of very dense bright copper, from B. hijmenseni, by lacking very distinct patellae stripes, and from both B. minax and B. hijmenseni, by the smaller size. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (5): 189 (C), 358 (T), 498 (T), 546 (C), 591 (C).). COI p - distances to other species above 7 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology, HG barcoding and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense copper pubescence, which masks partially the black integument (Fig. 9 A). Femora black, with blue iridescent tonalities. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments rather uniformly dark grey. Patellae longitudinal stripes poorly marked, medium brown. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and slightly recurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous moderately thick setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, straight. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.52; length, 0.84. Clypeus width, 0.30. AME circular, diameter, 0.30; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.32; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.44; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.34. Sternum (Fig. 16 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.26; anterior width, 1.16; posterior width, 2.00. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 5.2; patella, 3.4; tibia, 4.3; Total, 12.9. Leg I: femur, 7.2; patella, 4.1; tibia, 5.2; metatarsus, 4.3; tarsus, 3.2; Total, 24.0. Leg II: femur, 6.9; patella, 4.4; tibia, 5.0; metatarsus, 4.5; tarsus, 3.3; Total, 24.1. Leg III: femur, 6.0; patella, 3.9; tibia, 4.0; metatarsus, 5.4; tarsus, 3.6; Total, 22.9. Leg IV: femur, 7.8; patella, 4.6; tibia, 6.3; metatarsus, 8.0; tarsus, 4.3; Total, 31.0. Leg IV> II> I> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 2; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 0 - 2; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 4; metatarsus v 6 - 0 - 1. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 r 0 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 2 - 2; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 2; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 0 - 3 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II present. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thin simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3 / 4; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 3. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 2 – 3 hairs wide band of non-adhesive thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs-wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal heart-shaped patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 16 B – H). Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, curved dorsally and retrolaterally, and twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI and SP keels present. PS is strongly developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel is mostly serrated and it finishes between the SP keels and the PS keel. SP keels extending for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are folded onto each other on their apical half. The sperm pore is shaped by a rounded, prominent chitin structure. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 16 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis conical, slightly bent prolaterally and bearing a megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, weakly developed at its distal 1 / 3, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with an obtuse tip. Accessory apophysis poorly developed, but distinct, bearing four stout spines at its apex and one conical spine on the internal border. The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of nine (22 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; one granule (0 right) on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757194. ITS 1: KP 757269, KP 757300. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right pedipalpal bulb is apart, coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by moderately dense bright copper red pubescence, which masks partially the black integument (Fig. 9 B). Femora black, with bright blue tonalities. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments rather uniformly very dark grey with some copper hairs. Patellae longitudinal stripes, dark copper, poorly marked. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears a few thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.48; length, 0.82. Clypeus width, 0.38. AME circular, diameter, 0.32; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.44; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.32; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.38. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.38; anterior width, 1.17; posterior width, 2.27. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 4.8; patella, 3.6; tibia, 3.6; tarsus, 3.6; Total, 15.6. Leg I: femur, 6.6; patella, 4.5; tibia, 4.9; metatarsus, 3.8; tarsus, 2.9; Total, 22.7. Leg II: femur, 5.9; patella, 4.3; tibia, 4.1; metatarsus, 3.6; tarsus, 2.9; Total, 20.8. Leg III: femur, 5.2; patella, 3.9; tibia, 3.7; metatarsus, 4.1; tarsus, 3.2; Total, 20.1. Leg IV: femur, 6.8; patella, 4.3; tibia, 5.7; metatarsus, 6.4; tarsus, 3.9; Total, 27.1. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 0 - 2 - 1. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 0 - 2; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus v 2 - 0 - 1. Leg III: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1 v 0 - 2 - 2; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 0 - 1 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 0 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 2; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 3 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3 / 4; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 3. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal heart-shaped patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Single nipple-shaped spermatheca (Fig. 16 K, L). It is moderately asymmetrical, as base is poorly sclerotized dorsally. GenBank accession number. COI: KP 757234. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Old right leg III is preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies (leg regenerated). G e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y. C O I: I n t r a - s p e c i f i c v a r i a - tion = 0 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). ITS 1: Intra-specific variation = 0.3 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina malinalli is known from a single locality (500 masl) close to Colima city, in the Pacific Lowlands (Fig. 1; Table 1). The area is in the vicinity of a poultry farm and is covered by disturbed deciduous shrub (Fig. 4 C) commonly used by cattle. The single known male was collected while it was crossing Federal Road 110 at 17: 00 h on 30 November; the only female was found under a stone. The species is sympatric with the burrowing tarantula Brachypelma hamorii Tesmoingt, Cléton & Verdez, 1997.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE65FF9F68C2FBFF6F37E313.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 4 E, 9 C, D, 17, 25 J – L, 27 I; TABLES 1, 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 F 9 C 23 F 7 - 05 E 0 - 4 C 51 - BAD 7 - 76801 BCB 1 D 71 Bonnetina ‘ Guayabito / Espinal’ – Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs. 1 – 7. Types (n = 4): Holotype. ♂ a (CNAN-T 1059 ex- 5025 A). MEXICO: Michoacán State: Arteaga municipality: El Espinal (km 227, Federal Road 37): 18.4768 °, – 102.0583 °: 460 masl. 28 / XI / 2009. Emmanuel Goyer, Justin Coburn, Eddy Hijmensen and Boris F. Striffler, cols. In a shallow burrow under a stone, in tropical deciduous forest. Allotype. ♀ (CNAN-T 1060 ex- 5024): Michoacán State: Arteaga municipality: El Guayabito (La Ordeñita) (km 222, Federal road 37): 18.4899 °, – 102.0234 °: 340 masl. 29 / XI / 2009. E. Goyer, J. Coburn, E. Hijmensen and B. F. Striffler, cols. Under a stone, in tropical deciduous forest. Paratypes. ♂ a (SMF ex-CNAN- 5025 B): same data as holotype. ♀ (CNAN-T 1077): Michoacán State: La Huacana municipality: 5 km south-east of Zicuirán (road from Zicuirán to Huétamo): 18.8546 °, – 101.9245 °: 250 masl. 16 / IX / 2015. Jorge Mendoza, col. Under a stone, in tropical deciduous forest. Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latin adjective that means ‘ longitudinally striped’. It makes reference to the distinct light brown stripes present in the patellae of males and females of this species. Diagnosis: Morphology and natural history. Males differ from most Bonnetina males by having sub-rectangular bulbal embolus, only remarkably thinner at the apex, and by presenting an internal mound on the tibia I retrolateral apophysis. They differ from males of B. julesvernei by showing very distinct patellae longitudinal stripes, and conical spines on the tibia I accessory apophysis, instead of indistinct stripes and stout spines, respectively. Females differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having mammiform spermatheca. They differ from those of B. papalutlensis (indistinct stripes) and B. julesvernei (poorly distinct stripes), by having very distinct patellae stripes. The species is only known to live on the right side (downstream perspective) of the Balsas River, whereas B. julesvernei is only known to live on the left side. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (4): 12 (A), 360 (A), 393 (G), 642 (G). COI p - distances to other species above 6 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology (only a posteriori characters), HG barcoding and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense copper penny pubescence, which masks partially the dark grey integument (Fig. 9 C). Femora black bluish. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with light copper hairs on dark grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes very distinct, light brown coloured. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.36; length, 0.92. Clypeus width, 0.28. AME circular, diameter, 0.34; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.46; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.28; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.40. Sternum (Fig. 17 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.13; anterior width, 0.96; posterior width, 1.76. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 5.5; patella, 3.5; tibia, 4.3; Total, 13.3. Leg I: femur, 7.7; patella, 4.9; tibia, 5.7; metatarsus, 5.3; tarsus, 3.3; Total, 26.9. Leg II: femur, 7.2; patella, 4.5; tibia, 5.1; metatarsus, 5.3; tarsus, 3.4; Total, 25.5. Leg III: femur, 7.1; patella, 4.4; tibia, 5.0; metatarsus, 5.2; tarsus, 3.5; Total, 25.2. Leg IV: femur, 8.0; patella, 4.1; tibia, 6.2; metatarsus, 8.1; tarsus, 4.4; Total, 30.8. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 0 - 1 v 2 - 3 - 1; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 0 - 1 v 3 - 3 - 2; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 1 - 1. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1 patella p 1; tibia p 1 - 0 - 1 r 1 - 1 - 0 v 2 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 2 - 0 r 0 - 1 - 2 v 3 - 2 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 2 v 3 - 2 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, apical 3 / 4 of the segment; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, II and III, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thin hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal elliptical patch. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 17 B – H). Embolus sub-rectangular, only considerably thinner at the apex, curved retrolaterally and slightly dorsally, and twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA, RA and SP keels present. PS is strongly developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to its apex. PI keel is irregular (but not serrated), and it is fused with the retrolateral SP keel. A single, large denticle is formed at PI keel sub-apex, due to an abrupt change in the keel’s thickness. PSA keel is poorly developed and RA keel is well developed. SP keels approximately of the same size, extending for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are folded onto each other on their apical half, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 17 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis conical, slightly bent prolaterally and bearing an oval megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, enlarged, not dorsally curved, bearing an internal mound and with a conical tip. Accessory apophysis moderately developed and bearing two conical spines at its apex (three in right limb). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of 21 (19 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; lacking granules on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757255. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Right pedipalpal bulb is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Left pedipalpal bulb is apart, coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Male variation (n = 1) (Fig. 25 J – L): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 10.4; carapace width: 8.6; carapace width / length: 0.82; sternum length: 5.2; sternum width: 4.3; sternum width / length: 0.83; labial cuspules: 47; maxillary cuspules: 145 and 146; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 3; prolateral / retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.32; accessory / retrolateral apophysis: 0.20; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 12 and 14; posterior sigillae to the sternum border: 1 diameter of sigilla. Qualitative features. Metatarsus I prolateral apophysis digitiform; accessory apophysis moderately developed, amorphous and bearing conical and simple spines. Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense copper penny pubescence, which masks partially the dark grey integument (Fig. 9 D). Femora black bluish. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with light copper hairs on medium grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes very distinct, light brown coloured. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.42; length, 0.84. Clypeus width, 0.26. AME circular, diameter, 0.34; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.44; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.26; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.34. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.14; anterior width, 0.96; posterior width, 1.98. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 5.2; patella, 3.4; tibia, 3.6; tarsus, 3.3; Total, 15.5. Leg I: femur, 7.3; patella, 5.0; tibia, 5.2; metatarsus, 4.1; tarsus, 3.0; Total, 24.6. Leg II: femur, 6.5; patella, 4.2; tibia, 4.3; metatarsus, 4.0; tarsus, 3.1; Total, 22.1. Leg III: femur, 5.8; patella, 3.7; tibia, 3.7; metatarsus, 4.8; tarsus, 3.2; Total, 21.2. Leg IV: femur, 8.0; patella, 4.4; tibia, 5.9; metatarsus, 6.8; tarsus, 3.8; Total, 28.9. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 0 v 2 - 2 - 4. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 0 - 1 - 1; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0 v 0 - 1 - 1; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 0 - 2 - 1. Leg III: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; patella p 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 r 0 - 0 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 2; metatarsus p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 3 - 3 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3 / 4 prolaterally, apical 1 / 2 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1 / 2 prolaterally, apical 1 / 3 retrolaterally; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, divided by a single row of non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II and III, divided by a 1 – 3 hairs-wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal ovoid patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Single mammiform rather symmetrical spermatheca (Fig. 17 K, L). GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757218. ITS 1: KP 757294, KP 757307. Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal conditions, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Female variation (n = 1) (Fig. 27 I): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 12.1; carapace width: 9.9; carapace width / length: 0.82; sternum length: 5.7; sternum width: 5.2; sternum width / length: 0.91; labial cuspules: 49; maxillary cuspules: 133 and 144; spermatheca base width: 1.50; spermatheca length: 0.75; spermatheca base width / length: 2.00. Genetic diversity. COI: KP 757256, KU 664212 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <0.9 %. ITS 1: Intra-specific variation = 1.3 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina vittata has been collected in three localities along the western border of the Balsas Basin, Michoacán, between 250 and 460 masl (Fig. 1; Table 1). The spiders were found under stones (with or without shallow burrows) in tropical deciduous forest areas (Fig. 4 E). Both known adult males were collected in late November. In El Guayabito and El Espinal, B. vittata is sympatric with Brachypelma cf auratum Schmidt, 1992. The predicted distribution model of morphologically close B. papalutlensis (Fig. 3 C; Appendix S 2) indicates a partial habitat overlap with B. vittata. Whereas Zicuirán is a plausible locality for B. papalutlensis, El Espinal (type locality of B. vittata) and El Guayabito are not.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE6AFF9A68CAFACF6ECAE393.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 9 E, F, 18, 25 M – O, 27 J; TABLES 1, 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 99 A 7 C 0 F 5 - 6615 - 495 B-A 0 CB- EE 754727 BC 56 Types (n = 2): Holotype. ♂ a (CNAN-T 1063). MEXICO: Guerrero State: La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca municipality: Lagunillas junction (km 30, Federal road 337): 17.84067 °, 101.71044 °: 50 masl. 30 / XI / 2009. Emmanuel Goyer, Justin Coburn, Eddy Hijmensen, and Boris F. Striffler, cols. Under a stone in tropical deciduous forest. Allotype. ♀ (CNAN-T 1064): same data as holotype. Other material examined (not paratypes) (n = 2): ♂ a (CNAN-Ar 10097 A) and ♀ (CNAN-Ar 10097 B): captive-bred in the European tarantula pet trade. Traded as B. rudloffi. Etymology: The specific name is a patronym in honour of the Dutch mechanical engineer, naturalist photographer and amateur arachnologist Eduard (Eddy) Johan Hijmensen. He has made a great contribution to this paper, by providing very useful information, specimens that he collected in the field, and other specimens that he obtained from the pet trade, which helped to clarify the identities of B. tanzeri and B. hijmenseni. Diagnosis: Morphology. Males differ from most Bonnetina males by having sub-rectangular bulbal embolus, only remarkably thinner at the apex. They differ from those of B. vittata, B. julesvernei, B. tanzeri, and B. papalutlensis by having the tibia I retrolateral apophysis curved dorsally. Males additionally differ from those of B. vittata and B. julesvernei by lacking an internal mound on the tibia I retrolateral apophysis, from those of B. tanzeri, by showing a well-developed nodule on the retrolateral pedipalpal tibia, and from males of B. papalutlensis, by having the carapace covered with light copper yellowish pubescence, instead of copper penny reddish pilosity. Females differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having nipple-shaped spermatheca. They differ from females of B. minax and B. malinalli by having very conspicuous patellae stripes, instead of poorly conspicuous or inconspicuous. Females also lack the dorsally dense bright copper pubescence of B. minax. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (4): 54 (T), 162 (C), 306 (C), 312 (A). COI p - distances to other species above 7 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Morphology (only a posteriori characters), HG barcoding and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense very light copper pubescence, which masks partially the black integument (Fig. 9 E). Femora black bluish, with scarce light brown hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments medium brown-greyish. Patellae longitudinal stripes rather conspicuous, light brown coloured. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous moderately thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on extremely elevated tubercle (lateral eyes almost perpendicular to base); anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.63; length, 0.98. Clypeus width, 0.34. AME circular, diameter, 0.42; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.44; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.30; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.36. Sternum (Fig. 18 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.36; anterior width, 0.96; posterior width, 2.03. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.2; patella, 3.8; tibia, 5.5; Total, 15.5. Leg I: femur, 9.8; patella, 5.8; tibia, 7.3; metatarsus, 6.5; tarsus, 4.6; Total, 34.0. Leg II: femur, 9.3; patella, 5.1; tibia, 6.4; metatarsus, 6.7; tarsus, 4.3; Total, 31.8. Leg III: femur, 7.3; patella, 4.3; tibia, 5.4; metatarsus, 7.6; tarsus, 4.5; Total, 29.1. Leg IV: femur, 9.9; patella, 4.9; tibia, 8.1; metatarsus, 9.5; tarsus, 5.3; Total, 37.7. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 3 - 0. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 0 - 1 v 3 - 3 - 0; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 2. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; patella v 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0 v 2 - 2 - 4; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 3 - 1 - 2. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; patella p 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 3 - 2. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 0 - 1 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 4; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 2 v 1 - 4 - 2. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 2 / 3; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 3. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II and III, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal heart-shaped patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 18 B – H). Embolus sub-rectangular, only considerably thinner at the apex, curved retrolaterally and dorsally, and twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA, RA and SP keels present. PS is strongly developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to its apex. PI keel is serrated in most of its apical half (except for the apex itself), and it is fused with the retrolateral SP keel. PI cracked at its sub-apex. PSA keel is poorly developed and RA keel is well developed. SP keels extend for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are folded onto each other on their apical half, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel moderately developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 18 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis digitiform, moderately bent prolaterally and bearing a megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with a rounded tip. Accessory apophysis strongly developed, sub-rectangular and bearing five stout spines (three missing) at its apex (four in the right limb). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Both metatarsi I with a patch of 14 (13, right) granules plus 3 (2, right) spines on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; lacking granules on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession number. COI: KU 664200. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, but moderately rigid, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Right fang and right leg I (from the metatarsus to the tip) are preserved in a plastic vial, inside the jar. Right pedipalpal bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar; left bulb is apart, coated with gold. Left leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Male variation (n = 1) (Fig. 25 M – O): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 9.6; carapace width: 8.3; carapace width / length: 0.86; sternum length: 4.7; sternum width: 4.3; sternum width / length: 0.91; labial cuspules: 34; maxillary cuspules: 96 and 107; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 5; prolateral / retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.42; accessory / retrolateral apophysis: 0.28; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 20 and 23. Qualitative features. Ocular mask absent. Metatarsus I prolateral apophysis conical; accessory apophysis strongly developed, sub-quadrate. Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense light yellow-reddish pubescence, which masks partially the black integument (Fig. 9 F). Femora dark grey-bluish. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments medium brown-greyish. Patellae longitudinal stripes conspicuous, light brown coloured. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears very scarce thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on extremely elevated tubercle (lateral eyes almost perpendicular to base); anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.46; length, 0.92. Clypeus width, 0.48. AME circular, diameter, 0.40; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.50; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.32; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.38. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.58; anterior width, 1.14; posterior width, 2.33. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.7; patella, 4.3; tibia, 4.7; tarsus, 4.6; Total, 20.3. Leg I: femur, 9.2; patella, 6.1; tibia, 6.9; metatarsus, 5.4; tarsus, 3.9; Total, 31.5. Leg II: femur, 8.3; patella, 5.3; tibia, 5.5; metatarsus, 5.3; tarsus, 3.8; Total, 28.2. Leg III: femur, 7.4; patella, 4.4; tibia, 4.9; metatarsus, 6.7; tarsus, 4.2; Total, 27.6. Leg IV: femur, 9.5; patella, 5.2; tibia, 7.1; metatarsus, 9.5; tarsus, 4.7; Total, 36.0. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 1 - 4. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 0 - 1 v 0 - 1 - 2; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 0 - 1 v 0 - 1 - 3; metatarsus v 1 - 1 - 2. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; patella p 2; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 r 1 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 0 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 2 v 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 2 - 1 v 2 - 3 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 2 / 3; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 3. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs-wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal sub-circular patch. Sexual features. Single nipple-shaped spermatheca (Fig. 18 K, L). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at the apical zone. GenBank accession number. COI: KU 664199. Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal conditions, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Female variation (n = 1) (Fig. 27 J): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 13.8; carapace width: 11.3; carapace width / length: 0.82; sternum length: 6.2; sternum width: 5.6; sternum width / length: 0.90; labial cuspules: 28; maxillary cuspules: 103 and 112; spermatheca base width: 2.55; spermatheca length: 1.00; spermatheca base width / length: 0.39. Qualitative features. Ocular mask absent. Genetic diversity. COI: KU 664201 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation = 0. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina hijmenseni is only known from a single tropical deciduous forest locality (50 masl), less than 6 km away from the coast, in the Pacific Lowlands of Guerrero (Fig. 1; Table 1). A male and a female were found under stones. The species is sympatric with Brachypelma smithi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897). It has been introduced in the European tarantula pet market, traded as B. rudloffi; however, the provenance of the originally introduced specimens is unknown.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE6FFF9968E1FA436FFBE5DE.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 4 F, 9 G – H, 19, 26 A – C; TABLES 1, 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 3821312 - 2 DB 3 - 4 FEC- 909 D- 4 AD 0 B 1 A 39289 Types (n = 3): Holotype. ♂ a (CNAN-T 1061). MEXICO: Guerrero State: La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca municipality: Pinzán bridge I (km 259 of Federal Road 37 D): 18.1895 °, – 101.9054 °: 260 masl. 29 / XI / 2009. Emmanuel Goyer, Justin Coburn, Eddy Hijmensen and Boris F. Striffler, cols. Under a stone in tropical deciduous forest. Allotype. ♀ (CNAN-T 1062): same data as holotype. Paratype. ♂ a (SMF). Guerrero State: La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca municipality: San Diego: 18.1660 °, – 101.9072 °: 400 masl. 30 / XI / 2009. E. Goyer, J. Coburn, E. Hijmensen and B. F. Striffler, cols. Under a stone in tropical deciduous forest. Etymology: The specific name is a patronym in honour of Jules Verne (1828 – 1905), a French writer who is considered by many as the Father of Science Fiction. His tens of novels on travel, discovery, invention and history have inspired millions of children and teenagers worldwide (including both authors of this study) with his thirst for knowledge and discovery. Diagnosis: Morphology and natural history. Males differ from most Bonnetina males by having sub-rectangular bulbal embolus, only remarkably thinner at the apex, and by presenting an internal mound on the tibia I retrolateral apophysis. They differ from males of B. vittata by showing indistinct patellae longitudinal stripes and stout spines on the tibia I accessory apophysis, instead of very distinct stripes and conical spines, respectively. Females differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having mammiform spermatheca. They differ from those of B. papalutlensis (indistinct stripes) and B. vittata (very distinct stripes) by having poorly distinct patellae stripes. The species is only known to live close to the Pacific coast, on the left side (downstream perspective) of the Balsas River, whereas B. vittata is only known from the right side and B. papalutlensis is distributed in central and northern Guerrero and southern Morelos. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (4): 207 (C), 468 (A), 594 (C) and 612 (T). COI p - distances to other species above 6 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Morphology (only a posteriori characters), HG barcoding and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense copper penny pubescence, which masks partially the black integument (Fig. 9 G). Femora black, with blue tonalities. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments rather uniformly black. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on extremely elevated tubercle (lateral eyes almost perpendicular to carapace base); anterior eye row slightly procurved; posterior row slightly recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.48; length, 0.84. Clypeus width, 0.20. AME circular, diameter, 0.42; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.46; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.26; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.42. Sternum (Fig. 19 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.26; anterior width, 1.03; posterior width, 2.03. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 9.3; patella, 4.1; tibia, 4.9; Total, 18.3. Leg I: femur, 9.4; patella, 5.9; tibia, 6.6; metatarsus, 6.2; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 31.8. Leg II: femur, 8.6; patella, 5.3; tibia, 5.8; metatarsus, 6.1; tarsus, 3.9; Total, 29.7. Leg III: femur, 7.5; patella, 4.5; tibia, 5.2; metatarsus, 6.6; tarsus, 4.1; Total, 27.9. Leg IV: femur, 9.6; patella, 5.1; tibia, 7.5; metatarsus, 9.4; tarsus, 4.9; Total, 36.5. LegIV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; patella v 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 4 - 3 - 1; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0 v 3 - 5 - 5; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 2. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0 r 1 - 0 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 3 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 4 - 2 - 4; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 2 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, apical 3 / 4 of the segment; on legs II, apical 2 / 3 prolaterally; apical 1 / 2 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1 / 2 prolaterally, apical 1 / 3 retrolaterally; on legs IV, apical 1 / 3. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1 – 3 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal sub-circular patch. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 19 B – H). Embolus sub-rectangular, only considerably thinner at the apex, curved retrolaterally and dorsally, and twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA, RA and SP keels present. PS is strongly developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to its apex. PI keel is serrated in most of its apical half (except for the apex itself), and it is fused with the retrolateral SP keel. PSA keel is poorly developed and RA keel is well developed. SP keels extend for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are folded onto each other on their apical half, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 19 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis digitiform, bent prolaterally and bearing a megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, not dorsally curved and bearing an internal mound and with a conical tip. Accessory apophysis strongly developed, sub-quadrate and bearing four stout spines at its apex. The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Both metatarsi I with a patch of 23 granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; lacking granules on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession number. COI: KU 664213. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar; right bulb is apart, coated with gold. Left leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Male variation (n = 1) (Figs 26 A – C): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 10.9; carapace width: 9.4; carapace width / length: 0.86; sternum length: 5.8; sternum width: 4.6; sternum width / length: 0.79; labial cuspules: 67; maxillary cuspules: 136 and 143; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 5; prolateral / retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.36; accessory / retrolateral apophysis: 0.28; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 25. Qualitative features. Metatarsus I prolateral apophysis conical. Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 3. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense copper pubescence, which masks partially the black integument (Fig. 9 H). Femora black, with blue tonalities. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments rather uniformly dark grey. Patellae longitudinal stripes rather conspicuous, light brown. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on extremely elevated tubercle (lateral eyes almost perpendicular to carapace base); anterior eye row slightly procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.56; length, 0.86. Clypeus width, 0.38. AME circular, diameter, 0.40; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.48; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.24; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.36. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.38; anterior width, 1.06; posterior width, 2.56. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 9.6; patella, 4.5; tibia, 4.7; tarsus, 4.2; Total, 23.0. Leg I: femur, 9.5; patella, 6.2; tibia, 6.6; metatarsus, 5.1; tarsus, 3.3; Total, 30.7. Leg II: femur, 8.3; patella, 5.6; tibia, 5.4; metatarsus, 4.9; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 27.9. Leg III: femur, 7.4; patella, 4.7; tibia, 4.6; metatarsus, 6.1; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 26.5. Leg IV: femur, 9.8; patella, 5.3; tibia, 7.4; metatarsus, 8.9; tarsus, 4.7; Total, 36.1. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 0 v 0 - 1 - 2. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 0 - 1 v 0 - 1 - 2; metatarsus v 1 - 1 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 1 - 0; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 1 - 2. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; patella p 2; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 r 1 - 1 - 0 v 2 - 1 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 2 - 2 r 0 - 2 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 2. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 2 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3 / 4; on legs III, apical 1 / 3; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1 – 3 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal sub-circular patch. Sexual features. Single mammiform spermatheca (Fig. 19 K, L). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at the apical half. GenBank accession number. COI: KU 664214. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Left leg II is preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Genetic diversity. COI: KU 664215 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <0.9 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina julesvernei has been collected in two close localities of the Pacific Lowlands of Guerrero, at 260 and 400 masl (Fig. 1; Table 1). The spiders (including two adult males) were found under stones in late November, in tropical deciduous forests (Fig. 4 F). In Pinzán bridge, the species is sympatric with Brachypelma cf. boehmei Schmidt & Klaas 1994. The predicted distribution model of morphologically close B. papalutlensis (Fig. 3 C; Appendix S 2) indicates that B. julesvernei localities are at least 3 km away from any B. papalutlensis suitable area.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE6CFF8468A1FBBB6E23E4B3.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 5 B, 10 C, D, 20, 27 K; TABLES 1, 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 71 D 4 A 702 - 3870 - 4 A 76 - B 6 B 7 - B 74 D 3 A 2 E 0742 Bonnetina ‘ Cumbre’ – Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs 1 – 5, 7. Types (n = 3): Holotype. ♂ a (CNAN-T 1065 ex- 3725 A). MEXICO: Guerrero State: Iguala municipality: close to La Cumbre hostel (on Federal Road 95 D): 18.4005 °, – 99.4853 °: 1210 masl. 23 / IX / 2012. David Ortiz, Jorge Mendoza, Jesús Cruz and Gerardo Contreras, cols. Under a stone in oak forest. Allotype. ♀ (CNAN-T 1066 ex- 3725 B): same collecting data as holotype. Paratype. ♀ (SMF ex-CNAN- 4090): same locality and microhabitat as holotype. 4 / II / 2013. D. Ortiz, J. Mendoza, Diego Barrales and G. Contreras. Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition after the acronym of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, a world’s leading institution that graduates every year thousands of skilled professionals in many branches of knowledge, at different academic levels. UNAM is one of the pillars of Mexico’s economic and social development and it is an equal opportunity university, welcoming students from around the world under the same conditions as nationals. Both authors work at UNAM: D. O. as a PhD student and O. F. F. as an Associate Researcher. Diagnosis: Morphology and natural history. Bonnetina unam belongs to a group of species with similar morphologies, which are separated from most congeners by the males having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, with the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally, and the females having domiform-low spermatheca. The males differ from those of B. flammigera and B. megagyna by having only simple or conical spines on top of the tibia I accessory apophysis (no stout spines). They additionally differ from males of B. flammigera in that the tip of the retrolateral apophysis is flattish, not obtuse, and in that the patellae are greyish, not covered by striking copper penny pubescence. Males differ from those of B. tindoo in that the sternum is sub-circular (approximately as wide as long), not sub-oval (clearly longer than wider). Males of B. unam and B. aviae are morphologically similar. Females of B. unam differ from those of B. tindoo in the shape of the sternum (same as in the males), from B. alagoni and B. aviae in that the urticating hair patch is reduced in size, from B. hobbit in that the scopula on metatarsus I covers at least the distal 3 / 4 of the segment (in contrast to 1 / 2), and from B. juxtantricola, in that adults are small sized (in contrast to medium sized) and the carapace is sub-elliptical (in contrast to sub-oval). Bonnetina unam and B. aviae are also separated by their geographical distributions, in one locality close to Iguala, in Guerrero (B. unam) and in the surroundings of the Valley of Mexico and one locality in Veracruz (B. aviae). DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (5): 138 (C), 306 (A), 899 (T), 904 (T), 914 (G). COI p - distances to other species above 6.5 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: HG barcoding and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by dense light copper pubescence, which masks partially the dark brown integument (Fig. 10 C). Femora dark brown, with scarce light copper hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with light copper pubescence on medium grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row, procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.10; length, 0.64. Clypeus width, 0.10. AME circular, diameter, 0.24; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.36; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.20; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.28. Sternum (Fig. 20 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 0.90; anterior width, 0.74; posterior width, 1.34. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 3.8; patella, 2.4; tibia, 3.4; Total, 9.5. Leg I: femur, 5.7; patella, 3.5; tibia, 4.3; metatarsus, 3.8; tarsus, 2.6; Total, 19.9. Leg II: femur, 5.2; patella, 3.2; tibia, 3.4; metatarsus, 3.5; tarsus, 2.1; Total, 17.4. Leg III: femur, 4.7; patella, 2.6; tibia, 3.2; metatarsus, 3.9; tarsus, 2.7; Total, 17.1. Leg IV: femur, 5.9; patella, 3.2; tibia, 4.9; metatarsus, 5.8; tarsus, 3.3; Total, 23.1. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 0 - 2; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 2 - 0 - 2. Leg III: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0 r 1 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 2 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, apical 3 / 4 of the segment; on legs II and III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 3. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, divided by a 2 – 3 hairs wide band of non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II and III, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal elliptical patch. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 20 B – H). Bulb geniculate. Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, moderately curved retrolaterally and strongly curved dorsally. The embolus is also twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel mostly smooth, with three apical denticles; it is fused with the PSA keel. PSA keel well developed. SP keels extend only slightly to the embolus base after the sperm pore; they are mostly folded onto each other, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 20 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis conical, slightly bent prolaterally and bearing an oval megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound, and with a flattish tip. Accessory apophysis very poorly developed, indistinct, bearing one conical megaspine at its apex and a simple spine on the internal border. The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Both metatarsi I with a patch of 12 granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; lacking granules on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757187. ITS 1: KP 757262, KP 757298. Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar; right bulb is apart, coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace and femora dark brown with scarce light copper pubescence (Fig. 10 D). Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with light copper pubescence on medium grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.28; length, 0.73. Clypeus width, 0.18. AME circular, diameter, 0.30; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.38; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.22; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.32. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.10; anterior width, 0.73; posterior width, 1.60. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 4.3; patella, 3.0; tibia, 2.9; tarsus, 2.8; Total, 13.0. Leg I: femur, 5.8; patella, 4.0; tibia, 4.0; metatarsus, 3.3; tarsus, 2.4; Total, 19.5. Leg II: femur, 5.2; patella, 3.5; tibia, 3.2; metatarsus, 3.1; tarsus, 2.3; Total, 17.3. Leg III: femur, 4.4; patella, 2.7; tibia, 2.7; metatarsus, 3.7; tarsus, 2.4; Total, 15.9. Leg IV: femur, 5.8; patella, 3.6; tibia, 4.5; metatarsus, 5.6; tarsus, 3.1; Total, 22.6. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 0 v 0 - 1 - 2. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 0 - 1 - 0. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 0 - 1 v 0 - 1 - 0; metatarsus v 1 - 0 - 1. Leg III: tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 2 - 0 v 1 - 1 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 2 - 0 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 0 - 1 - 2. Leg IV: tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of legs I and II prolaterally covered by a sparse pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Palpal femora without pad. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except for the basal-most portion of the segment; on legs II, apical 2 / 3; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, divided by a 2 – 3 hairs wide band of non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs III, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal elliptical patch. Sexual features. Single domiform-low spermatheca (Fig. 20 K, L). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at the receptaculum. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757186. ITS 1: KP 757261, KP 757297. Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Female variation (n = 1) (Fig. 27 K): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 7.8; carapace width: 6.5; carapace width / length: 0.83; sternum length: 3.6; sternum width: 3.5; sternum width / length: 0.99; labial cuspules: 52; maxillary cuspules: 154 and 157; spermatheca base width: 1.26; spermatheca length: 0.56; spermatheca base width / length: 0.44. Qualitative features. Ocular mask absent. Genetic diversity. COI: KP 757230 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <0.7 %. ITS 1: Intra-specific variation = 1.1 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina unam is only known from a single locality, at 1200 masl, close to Iguala, Guerrero, in the eastern Balsas Basin (Fig. 1; Table 1). The predicted distribution model of morphologically close B. aviae (Fig. 3 B; Appendix S 2) indicates that the place is at least 60 km away from any B. aviae suitable areas. Specimens of B. unam live under stones in an oak forest (Fig. 5 B), and the single known male was collected in September. It is sympatric with an unidentified tarantula species of the genus Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE71FF8468F1FD6169A3E560.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 5 C, 10 E – F, 21, 26 G – I; TABLES 1, 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 134 A 640 - 8548 - 4 FF 5 - 8 DB 1 - D 0 E 52922796 B	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE71FF836845FCDB6BFAE3B0.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name is formed by the Greek words ‘ mega’ (large) and ‘ gyna’ (female). This species is the only Bonnetina known to have domiform-high spermatheca. Also, the female holotype is much larger than the paratype males. Diagnosis: Morphology. Males differ from those of most Bonnetina species by having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally, and by having stout spines on top of the tibia I accessory apophysis. They differ from males of B. flammigera in that the appendages are grey with scattered light brown hairs, instead of being covered by abundant copper penny pubescence. Females are unique by the presence of domiform-high spermatheca. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (1): 438 (G). COI p - distances to other species above 6.5 %; intra-specific distances less than 2.5 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology, HG barcoding, and PTP. Description Holotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by fairly abundant copper red pubescence, which masks partially the dark grey integument (Fig. 10 F). Femora dark grey, with scarce copper red hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with copper red pubescence on dark grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.48; length, 1.02. Clypeus width, 0.32. AME circular, diameter, 0.34; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.56; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.38; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.42. Sternum (Fig. 21 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.60; anterior width, 1.45; posterior width, 2.40. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 6.3; patella, 4.4; tibia, 4.7; tarsus, 4.2; Total, 19.6. Leg I: femur, 8.8; patella, 5.8; tibia, 6.5; metatarsus, 5.1; tarsus, 3.1; Total, 29.3. Leg II: femur, 8.0; patella, 5.1; tibia, 5.1; metatarsus, 4.8; tarsus, 3.2; Total, 26.2. Leg III: femur, 6.8; patella, 4.6; tibia, 4.5; metatarsus, 5.9; tarsus, 3.7; Total, 25.5. Leg IV: femur, 9.4; patella, 5.1; tibia, 6.8; metatarsus, 8.6; tarsus, 4.6; Total, 34.5. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 0 - 2 - 3. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 0 - 1 - 1; metatarsus v 1 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 0 - 0 v 0 - 1 - 3; metatarsus v 1 - 0 - 1. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 0 r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 2 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 3. Leg IV: tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region; on legs II, full prolaterally and apical 3 / 4 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal circular patch. Sexual features. Single domiform-high spermatheca (Fig. 21 K, L). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at its apical half. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757219. ITS 1: KP 757295, KP 757308. Preservation state. The specimen is in optimal condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the jar. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Allotype male: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by fairly abundant copper penny pubescence, which masks partially the dark grey integument (Fig. 10 E). Femora very dark grey. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments medium grey, with scattered long, light brown hairs. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.12; length, 0.66. Clypeus width, 0.14. AME circular, diameter, 0.32; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.36; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.24; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.28. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 0.84; anterior width, 0.80; posterior width, 1.58. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 4.2; patella, 2.8; tibia, 3.7; Total, 10.7. Leg I: femur, 6.6; patella, 4.1; tibia, 4.7; metatarsus, 4.3; tarsus, 2.7; Total, 22.4. Leg II: femur, 5.9; patella, 3.6; tibia, 4.1; metatarsus, 3.8; tarsus, 2.8; Total, 20.2. Leg III: femur, 5.2; patella, 3.1; tibia, 3.4; metatarsus, 4.4; tarsus, 3.1; Total, 19.2. Leg IV: femur, 6.5; patella, 3.4; tibia, 5.2; metatarsus, 6.3; tarsus, 3.8; Total, 25.2. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 3 - 3 - 1; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0 v 3 - 3 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 0 - 2. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 1 - 0 - 1 r 1 - 0 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 4. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 3 - 3 - 4; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 2 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, apical 3 / 4 of the segment; on legs II and III, apical 1 / 2; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal oval patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 21 B – H). Bulb geniculate. Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, strongly curved dorsally and retrolaterally. The embolus is also twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel mostly smooth, with three apical denticles; it is fused with the PSA keel. PSA keel moderately developed. SP keels extend for about double the longitude from the bulb apex to the sperm pore; they are mostly folded onto each other (not completely fused), forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 21 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis conical, slightly bent prolaterally, and bearing an oval megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with an obtuse tip. Accessory apophysis moderately developed, sub-rectangular, bearing four stout spines at its top and one simple spine in its inner side (right and left limbs). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of 15 (14 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; lacking granules on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession number. COI: KP 757257. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar; right bulb is apart, coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Male variation (n = 1) (Figs 26 G – I): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 7.5; carapace width: 6.5; carapace width / length: 0.87; sternum length: 3.8; sternum width: 3.4; sternum width / length: 0.88; labial cuspules: 28; maxillary cuspules: 109 and 112; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 4; prolateral / retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.33; accessory / retrolateral apophysis: 0.24; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 14 and 16. Qualitative features. Metatarsus I accessory apophysis moderately developed, amorphous, and bearing conical and stout spines. G e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y. C O I: I n t r a - s p e c i f i c v a r i a - tion = 2.2 % (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). ITS 1: Intra-specific variation = 0.2 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina megagyna is only known from a single locality, at 1700 masl, in the north-western boundaries of the Sierra Madre del Sur (Fig. 1; Table 1). The species lives under stones in an oak forest (Fig. 5 C), and both known males were collected in August.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE76FF836A45FA616B90E060.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 5 D, 11 A, B, 22, 26 J – L; TABLES 1, 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 8 C 9 F 6 AF-FC 8 F- 45 E 1 - AF 06 - 4 EBD 331 D 1 A 40	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE76FF8E6BCFF9DB6BB6E371.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition that means ‘ spider’ in Mixtec, one of the most spoken indigenous languages in the state of Oaxaca. Diagnosis: Morphology. Bonnetina tindoo belongs to a group of species with similar morphologies, which are separated from most congeners by the males having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, with the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally, and the females having domiform-low spermatheca. The males differ from those of B. flammigera and B. megagyna by having only simple or conical spines on top of the tibia I accessory apophysis (no stout spines present). They additionally differ from males of B. flammigera in that the tip of the retrolateral apophysis is flattish or rounded, not obtuse and in that the patellae are greyish, not covered by striking copper penny pubescence. Males differ from those of B. aviae and B. unam in that the sternum is sub-oval (clearly longer than wider), not sub-circular (approximately as wide as long). The single known female differs from those of B. alagoni, B. aviae, B. hobbit, B. juxtantricola and B. unam by having a sub-oval sternum, instead of sub-circular. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (10): 36 (C), 93 (C), 195 (G), 321 (T), 390 (C), 492 (G), 777 (C), 831 (T), 832 (C), 834 (T). COI p - distances to other species above 9 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: morphology (only a posteriori characters), HG barcoding and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by some bright copper pubescence, which masks partially the black integument (Fig. 11 A). Femora black, with some bright copper hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with bright copper pubescence on dark grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes distinct, bright copper coloured, on mostly light brown background. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask present. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.22; length, 0.62. Clypeus width, 0.14. AME circular, diameter, 0.24; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.40; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.28; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.28. Sternum (Fig. 22 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 0.96; anterior width, 0.84; posterior width, 1.52. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 4.7; patella, 2.9; tibia, 4.1; Total, 11.7. Leg I: femur, 6.8; patella, 4.0; tibia, 5.8; metatarsus, 4.4; tarsus, 2.9; Total, 23.9. Leg II: femur, 6.1; patella, 3.7; tibia, 4.5; metatarsus, 4.5; tarsus, 2.9; Total, 21.7. Leg III: femur, 5.5; patella, 3.2; tibia, 4.0; metatarsus, 4.9; tarsus, 3.0; Total, 20.6. Leg IV: femur, 7.2; patella, 3.5; tibia, 5.9; metatarsus, 6.9; tarsus, 3.1; Total, 26.6. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 0 - 1 - 0. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 3 - 4 - 1; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; patella v 1 (2 in right leg); tibia p 1 - 0 - 1 v 4 - 3 - 5; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 6 - 1 - 2. Leg III: femur p 1 - 1 - 0 r 1 - 0 - 1; patella v 1; tibia p 1 - 1 - 2 r 1 - 0 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 2 - 1 v 6 - 3 - 5; metatarsus p 0 - 3 - 0 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 3 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II present. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, undetermined; on legs II, apical 1 / 2; on legs III, apical 1 / 3; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs-wide band of thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal oval patch pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 22 B – H). Bulb geniculate. Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, strongly curved dorsally and retrolaterally. The embolus is also twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel mostly smooth, with four apical denticles; it is aligned, but not fused with the PSA keel. PSA keel strongly developed. SP keels extend only slightly to the embolus base after the sperm pore; they are mostly folded onto each other, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel well developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 22 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis digitiform, rather straight to the tibial axis and bearing an oval megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with a flattish tip. Accessory apophysis poorly developed but distinct, bearing three simple spines at its apex and a simple spine on the internal border (right and left limbs). The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Metatarsi I with a patch of 15 (17 right) granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region, and one granule on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757188. ITS 1: KP 757263. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar; right bulb is apart, coated with gold. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Male variation (n = 10) (Figs 26 J – L): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 7.6 – 9.1; carapace width: 6.6 – 7.9; carapace width / length: 0.83 – 0.91; sternum length: 3.6 – 4.4; sternum width: 3.1 – 3.9; sternum width / length: 0.81 – 0.92; labial cuspules: 29 – 42; maxillary cuspules: 80 – 113; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 2 – 4; prolateral / retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.41 – 0.64; accessory / retrolateral apophysis: 0.09 – 0.22; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 11 – 19; posterior sigillae to the sternum border: 1.0 – 2.5 diameter of sigilla. Qualitative features. Ocular tubercle markedly to extremely elevated. Ocular mask present or absent. Spine cluster in base of metatarsus II present or absent. Metatarsus I prolateral apophysis conical or digitiform; retrolateral apophysis tip, rounded or flat; accessory apophysis poorly developed, amorphous or crescent-shaped and bearing simple and / or conical spines. Allotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by scarce copper penny pubescence, on dark grey background (Fig. 11 B). Femora black, with scarce light copper hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments light brown. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous, light brown coloured on light brown background. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears mostly thin hairs and a few erect thick hairs. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on extremely elevated tubercle (lateral eyes almost perpendicular to carapace); anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, slightly recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.46; length, 0.88. Clypeus width, 0.06. AME circular, diameter, 0.40; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.42; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.34; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.38. Sternum slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 1.26; anterior width, 1.17; posterior width, 2.30. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 5.8; patella, 3.8; tibia, 4.1; tarsus, 3.6; Total, 17.3. Leg I: femur, 7.2; patella, 4.9; tibia, 4.8; metatarsus, 4.3; tarsus, 2.9; Total, 24.1. Leg II: femur, 6.9; patella, 4.2; tibia, 4.6; metatarsus, 4.4; tarsus, 3.2; Total, 23.3. Leg III: femur, 5.9; patella, 4.0; tibia, 3.9; metatarsus, 5.4; tarsus, 3.3; Total, 22.5. Leg IV: femur, 8.2; patella, 4.8; tibia, 6.2; metatarsus, 7.3; tarsus, 4.2; Total, 30.7. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 v 0 - 2 - 2. Leg I: tibia v 1 - 1 - 1; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 1; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 0 v 2 - 0 - 2. Leg III: tibia p 1 - 0 - 1 r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 3 - 4; metatarsus p 1 - 1 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 3 - 2 - 4. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 2 - 3 - 2; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, full, except by basal-most region of the segment; on legs II, apical 3 / 4 prolaterally, apical 1 / 2 retrolaterally; on legs III, apical 1 / 2 prolaterally, apical 1 / 3 retrolaterally; on legs IV, apical 1 / 5. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 2 – 4 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal subtriangular pointing backwards patch. Sexual features. Single domiform-low spermatheca (Fig. 22 K, L). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at the receptaculum. GenBank accession number. COI: KP 757228. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left leg IV semi-broken at metatarsus level. Genital area is in a plastic vial inside the same jar as the specimen. Old right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies (leg regenerated). Genetic diversity. COI: KP 757226, KP 757227, KP 757229 (Fig. 2; Appendix S 1). Intra-specific variation <1.0 %. Distribution and natural history: Bonnetina tindoo is only known from Cañón del Sabino (Canyon of Sabino River), a tropical deciduous forest locality at 610 masl (Fig. 5 D), in the northern boundary of Sierra Madre del Sur (Fig. 1; Table 1). The predicted distribution model of morphologically close B. aviae (Fig. 3 B; Appendix S 2) indicates that the place is at least 17 km away from any B. aviae suitable areas. Only one female B. tindoo is known, and it was collected under a stone. Males have been found in mid-September, and very abundantly, in late November, wandering at night in the open. The species lives in sympatry with an unidentified species of tarantula of the genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE7BFF8F6A75FA2B6A83E169.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 5 E, 11 D, 23; TABLES 1, 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 DE 47 C 47 - E 375 - 46 AE- 9 DCB- 32 B 3990 AD 15 B Bonnetina ‘ Zotoltitlan _ 3722 ’ – Ortiz & Francke, 2016: figs. 1 – 5, 7. Types (n = 1): Holotype. ♀ a (CNAN-T 1075 ex- 3722). MEXICO: Guerrero State: Mártir de Cuilapán municipality: 2.8 km road Apango to Zotoltitlán: Barranca del Tigre: 17.7297 °, – 99.3051 °: 1300 masl. 23 / IX / 2012. David Ortiz, Jorge Mendoza, Jesús Cruz and Gerardo Contreras, cols. Under a stone in ecotone between tropical deciduous forest and grassland. Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition after the hobbits, fictional humanoid beings in the novels ‘ The Hobbit’ and ‘ The Lord of the Rings’, by the English writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. The hobbits are little, peaceful people, who do not hesitate to face powerful adversaries using cleverness and cunning in lack of physical strength. In its only known locality, this species lives in apparent syntopy with the much larger Bonnetina papalutlensis. Diagnosis: Morphology. Males are unknown. The single known female differs from most Bonnetina by having domiform-low spermatheca. It differs from the female of B. tindoo by having sub-circular sternum (instead of sub-oval), from B. alagoni and B. aviae, by having a reduced urticating hairs patch, and from B. juxtantricola and B. unam, in that the scopula on metatarsus I covers only the distal 1 / 2 of the segment (instead of the distal 3 / 4). DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (9): 40 (C), 42 (T), 105 (C), 117 (C), 192 (C), 378 (C), 486 (G), 813 (G), 954 (T). COI p - distances to other species above 9 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Integrative (Ortiz & Francke, 2016); this study: HG barcoding and PTP. Description Holotype female: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by scarce and short sepia pubescence on a dark brown background (Fig. 11 D). Femora dark brown. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments medium brown. Patellae longitudinal stripes poorly marked and light brown. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears a few thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask present (Fig. 23 B). Ocular quadrangle width, 1.02; length, 0.62. Clypeus width, 0.16. AME circular, diameter, 0.28; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.32; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.20; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.22. Sternum (Fig. 23 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 0.90; anterior width, 0.75; posterior width, 1.35. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 3.2; patella, 2.3; tibia, 2.2; tarsus, 2.3; Total, 10.0. Leg I: femur, 4.2; patella, 2.9; tibia, 3.2; metatarsus, 2.2; tarsus, 1.9; Total, 14.4. Leg II: femur, 3.6; patella, 2.4; tibia, 2.3; metatarsus, 2.2; tarsus, 1.9; Total, 12.4. Leg III: femur, 3.2; patella, 2.3; tibia, 1.9; metatarsus, 2.6; tarsus, 1.9; Total, 11.9. Leg IV: femur, 4.4; patella, 2.2; tibia, 3.4; metatarsus, 4.2; tarsus, 2.7; Total, 16.9. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 0 v 0 - 1 - 2. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia v 0 - 1 - 0; metatarsus v 0 - 1 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 0 v 0 - 1 - 0; metatarsus v 1 - 0 - 2. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 d 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 2 - 0 r 1 - 1 - 0 v 1 - 2 - 2; metatarsus p 1 - 2 - 1 r 0 - 2 - 0 v 1 - 3 - 3. Leg IV: tibia r 1 - 0 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 2 - 1 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 4. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II absent. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I and II, apical 1 / 2 of the segment; on legs III, apical 1 / 3; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, divided by a 2 – 3 hairs wide band of non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 3 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs III, divided by a 4 – 5 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal circular patch. Sexual features. Single domiform-low spermatheca (Fig. 23 C, D). It is strongly asymmetrical: fully sclerotized in ventral view, but dorsally only at the apical half. GenBank accession numbers. COI: KP 757189. ITS 1: KP 757264. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Genital area and left leg II are in plastic vials inside the jar. Right leg III is preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
EB424677DE7AFF8B68CEFD6369F4E070.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 5 F, 11 C, 24, 26 D – F; TABLES 1, 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 0 DCA 54 C-B 5 E 1 - 4 B 3 F- B 22 A- 3256 FC 30 AEC 7 Types (n = 2): Holotype. ♂ a (CNAN-T 1076). MEXICO: Michoacán State: Arteaga municipality: Federal road 37: 5 km south (straight) of Las Cañas: 18.5117 °, – 101.9851 °: 360 masl. 9 / XII / 2013. Jorge Mendoza, col. Under a stone in tropical semi-deciduous forest. Paratype. ♂ a (SMF): same data as holotype. Etymology: The specific name is a Latin adjective that means ‘ flammigerous’ or ‘ bearing flames’. It makes reference to the appearance of the carapace of the holotype of this species, covered by abundant and messy bright copper penny pubescence. Diagnosis: Morphology and natural history. Bonnetina flammigera belongs to a group of species with similar morphologies, which are separated from most Bonnetina species by the males having the pedipalpal bulbs geniculate, with the embolus short and strongly curved dorsally. The males differ from those of the other species in this group by having the carapace and the appendages (especially patellae) covered by abundant, copper penny pubescence and also by the tip of the tibia I retrolateral apophysis being obtuse, instead of flattish or rounded. The females are unknown. It is the only known species in this group that lives in eastern Balsas Basin. DNA. Diagnostic COI nucleotides (8): 145 (C), 183 (C), 201 (C), 210 (C), 220 (A), 231 (A), 433 (C), 909 (C). COI p-distances to other species above 9 %; intra-specific distances less than 2 % (Appendices S 1, S 5). Species delimitation methods: Morphology (only a posteriori characters), HG barcoding and PTP. Description Male holotype: Some quantitative characters are given in Table 4. Colour and pubescence. Carapace covered by very dense copper penny pubescence, which masks the dark brown integument (Fig. 11 C). Femora dark grey, with abundant copper penny hairs. Rest of leg and pedipalpal segments with abundant copper penny pubescence on medium grey background. Patellae longitudinal stripes inconspicuous. Prosoma. Caput moderately elevated and fovea deep and procurved. Posterior area of carapace bears numerous very thick erect setae. Eight eyes disposed in two rows on markedly elevated tubercle; anterior eye row procurved; posterior row, recurved. Ocular mask absent. Ocular quadrangle width, 1.06; length, 0.62. Clypeus width, 0.18. AME circular, diameter, 0.26; ALE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.36; PME ovoid, greater diameter, 0.20; PLE elliptical, greater diameter, 0.24. Sternum (Fig. 24 A) slightly convex to its centre, covered uniformly by erect thick hairs and other hairs much smaller; with three pairs of sigillae, placed opposite to coxae I, II and III. Labium sub-trapezoidal; middle length, 0.80; anterior width, 0.70; posterior width, 1.30. Appendage segment lengths. Palp: femur, 3.7; patella, 2.3; tibia, 3.3; Total, 9.2. Leg I: femur, 5.3; patella, 3.3; tibia, 4.0; metatarsus, 3.5; tarsus, 2.4; Total, 18.5. Leg II: femur, 4.8; patella, 2.9; tibia, 3.2; metatarsus, 3.2; tarsus, 2.6; Total, 16.7. Leg III: femur, 4.2; patella, 2.5; tibia, 2.8; metatarsus, 3.7; tarsus, 2.6; Total, 15.8. Leg IV: femur, 5.1; patella, 3.0; tibia, 4.2; metatarsus, 6.4; tarsus, 3.9; Total, 22.6. Leg IV> I> II> III. Appendage spination. Pedipalp: femur p 0 - 0 - 1. Leg I: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 v 4 - 3 - 1; metatarsus v 0 - 0 - 1. Leg II: femur p 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 0 - 2 v 6 - 4 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 2 - 0 v 10 - 3 - 2. Leg III: femur p 0 - 0 - 1 r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 2 - 2 - 0 r 1 - 1 - 0 v 3 - 2 - 3; metatarsus p 0 - 2 - 2 r 0 - 1 - 1 v 1 - 2 - 3. Leg IV: femur r 0 - 0 - 1; tibia p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 2 - 1 v 1 - 1 - 1; metatarsus p 0 - 1 - 1 r 0 - 2 - 1 v 2 - 2 - 3. Spine cluster in ventral base of metatarsus II present. Appendage setation. Femora of pedipalps and legs I and II prolaterally covered by a pad of simple and ciliated hairs. Femora IV retrolateral zone covered by a pad of ciliated hairs. Pedipalpal trochanters prolateral surface with thick simple hairs. Metatarsal scopulae. On legs I, apical 3 / 4 of the segment; on legs II, apical 1 / 2; on legs III, apical 1 / 3; on legs IV, apical 1 / 4. Tarsal scopulae. On legs I, undivided, but with few dispersed non-adhesive thin hairs; on legs II, divided by a 1 – 2 hairs wide band of thin hairs; on legs III, divided by a 3 – 4 hairs wide band of thick hairs; on legs IV, divided by a 3 – 5 hairs wide band of very thick hairs. Claw tufts very dense on every leg. Abdominal urticating hairs. Type III, in dorsal ovoid patch, pointing backwards. Sexual features. Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with prominent, apically inclined, conical nodule near the apex. Pedipalpal bulbs (Fig. 24 B – H). Bulb geniculate. Embolus sub-conical, gradually thinning from base to apex, strongly curved dorsally and retrolaterally. The embolus is also twisted counterclockwise (from base to apex) to the point that in the apex, the ventral structures of the bulb become prolateral. PS, PI, PSA and SP keels present. PS is moderately developed, smooth and extends from the embolus base to almost its apex. PI keel mostly smooth, with three apical denticles; it is fused with the PSA keel. PSA keel poorly developed. SP keels extend only slightly to the embolus base after the sperm pore; they are mostly folded onto each other, forming the sperm pore. Bulbal heel poorly developed. Legs I Holding Organ. Tibiae I with three apophyses near the apex (Fig. 24 I, J). Prolateral and retrolateral apophyses originate from a common base. Prolateral apophysis digitiform, rather straight to the tibial axis and bearing a megaspine on its internal border. Retrolateral apophysis chevron-shaped, not dorsally curved, lacking an internal mound and with an obtuse tip. Accessory apophysis poorly developed, but distinct, bearing two conical megaspines at its apex and a simple spine on the internal border. The moderately curved metatarsus I folds between prolateral and retrolateral apophyses. Both metatarsi I with a patch of 19 granules on its basal ventro-retrolateral region; with one granule on basal ventro-prolateral region. Metatarsi I noticeably thin. GenBank accession number. COI: KU 664205. Preservation state. The specimen is in good condition, stored in a jar with 80 % ethanol. Left pedipalpal bulb is missing; right bulb stored in a vial in the specimen jar. Right leg III preserved in 96 % ethanol at − 20 ° C for molecular studies. Male variation (n = 1) (Fig. 26 D – F): Quantitative characters. Carapace length: 7.5; carapace width: 6.3; carapace width / length: 0.84; sternum length: 3.3; sternum width: 3.0; sternum width / length: 0.91; labial cuspules: 35; maxillary cuspules: 81 and 82; spines on accessory tibial apophysis: 3 and 4; prolateral / retrolateral tibial apophysis: 0.44; accessory / retrolateral apophysis: 0.24; granules in the metatarsus I patch: 23. Qualitative features. Metatarsus I accessory apophysis moderately developed, amorphous and bearing conical and / or simple and / or stout spines.	en	Ortiz, David, Francke, Oscar F. (2017): Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 819-886
