identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
ACDE61A7FC965F9FA89349ECFD5CBFDF.text	ACDE61A7FC965F9FA89349ECFD5CBFDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aetosaurus ferratus O. Fraas 1877	<div><p>Aetosaurus ferratus O. Fraas, 1877</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>SMNS 5770, ‘ Specimen XVI, ’ nearly complete skeleton (Fig. 17 A), part of a single block with a group of 24 skeletons ranging in length from 20 to 82 cm. The skull of the lectotype was separated from the block and underwent additional preparation for the revision by Schoch (2007).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former quarry in the “ Billert, ” at the confluence of the Elsenbach and Nesenbach creeks, Stuttgart-Kaltental, Baden-Wu ̈ rttemberg (Schoch 2007).</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Lower Stubensandstein (S 1), Lo ̈ wenstein Formation (equivalent of Arnstadt Formation), Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian). Oskar Fraas (1887: 2) noted that the block was discovered three meters above the main sandstone unit, within a local occurrence of mudstone (“ erste Hangendletten ”).</p><p>Referred material (only from Germany).</p><p>Lower Stubensandstein (S 1): SMNS 5771 (partial dermal armor and limb bones from type locality and horizon); SMNS 18554 (articulated skeleton lacking skull and pectoral girdle from Blankenhorn Castle near Eibensbach). Middle Stubensandstein (S 2; at Pfaffenhofen): SMNS 11837 (holotype of Aetosaurus crassicauda E. Fraas, 1907); SMNS 12670 (set of isolated dorsal osteoderms and a fragment of the ventral dermal armor); SMNS 14882 (articulated portion of tail with dermal armor and 14 caudal vertebrae).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following autapomorphies: premaxilla lacking apical transverse expansion; maxilla extending to midlevel of external naris; jugal shorter than orbit; size of supratemporal fenestra one fifth size of orbit; quadratojugal process extending into infratemporal fenestra; three supraorbital elements; ratio of width to length for paramedian dorsal osteoderms 2 to 3.5; paramedian dorsal osteoderms slightly flexed transversely; and ventral dermal armor in mid-trunk region comprising up to 12 osteoderms per transverse row (Schoch 2007).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene (1920), Walker (1961), and Schoch (2007) documented the skeletal structure of Aetosaurus ferratus in detail. Recent histological work has shown that the famous aggregation of skeletons (SMNS 5770; O. Fraas 1877; E. Fraas 1896), which includes the lectotype of Aetosaurus ferratus, probably represents a group of juvenile individuals (Teschner et al. 2023). Schoch (2007) suggested that the holotype of Aetosaurus crassicauda E. Fraas, 1907 (SMNS 11837) merely represents a larger individual of Aetosaurus ferratus .</p><p>References.</p><p>O. Fraas (1877), E. Fraas (1896, 1907), F. Huene (1920), Walker (1961), Heckert and Lucas (2000), Schoch (2007), Parker (2016), Teschner et al. (2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ACDE61A7FC965F9FA89349ECFD5CBFDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
EAC30B7B81A05FBCA1F8FEC1EEABB410.text	EAC30B7B81A05FBCA1F8FEC1EEABB410.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aetosaurus O. Fraas 1877	<div><p>Genus Aetosaurus O. Fraas, 1877</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Aetosaurus ferratus O. Fraas, 1877 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EAC30B7B81A05FBCA1F8FEC1EEABB410	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
4B56E744BF8E55AF8E3ED28AE208DEF6.text	4B56E744BF8E55AF8E3ED28AE208DEF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amotosaurus Fraser & Rieppel 2006	<div><p>Genus Amotosaurus Fraser &amp; Rieppel, 2006</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Amotosaurus rotfeldensis Fraser &amp; Rieppel, 2006 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B56E744BF8E55AF8E3ED28AE208DEF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
17F5D7242A265C34B07A86D365C33518.text	17F5D7242A265C34B07A86D365C33518.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amotosaurus rotfeldensis Fraser & Rieppel 2006	<div><p>Amotosaurus rotfeldensis Fraser &amp; Rieppel, 2006</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 50830, scattered skeletal remains including an articulated cervical vertebral series, maxilla, parabasisphenoid, both scapulocoracoids, both halves of the pelvic girdle, and dorsal vertebrae (Fig. 4 B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former Kössig Quarry, about 100 m S of Rotfelden, Ebhausen municipality, Calw district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Plattensandstein Formation (Nitsch 2024), Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 54783 a, b, part and counterpart of a block preserving two sets of scattered skeletal remains, including a poorly preserved skull roof, one complete series of vertebrae anterior to the caudal column, at least three articulated hindlimbs including pedes, and a partial forelimb including the manus. SMNS 50691, three slabs preserving part of a skull in ventral view, a coracoid, a partial pes, an ilium, and dorsal vertebrae, respectively. SMNS 54784 a, b, part and counterpart of block preserving a skull in ventral view and part of cervical series. SMNS 54810, block with disarticulated cranial and extensive postcranial remains. SMNS 90600, posterior part of the vertebral column including sacral and anterior caudal vertebrae; SMNS 90601, articulated left maxilla and jugal. SMNS 90540, two skulls in palatal view. SMNS unnumbered (# 1), partial mandible and cervical vertebrae and ribs; SMNS unnumbered (# 2), disarticulated cranial elements and a partial cervical series; SMNS unnumbered (# 3), skull in palatal view and three anterior cervical vertebrae; SMNS unnumbered (# 4), sacral region (Fraser and Rieppel 2006; Spiekman et al. 2021).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: eight cervical vertebrae; centra of cervicals 4 and 5 longest, with length at least 2.5 times minimum height; cervical ribs elongate, extending across at least three intervertebral articulations anteriorly; 25 presacral vertebrae; distal end of second sacral rib distinctly bifurcated; length of metatarsals asymmetrical, with mt. IV being the longest, then mt. III, then mt. II, then mt. I, and mt. V being the shortest; proximal phalanx of pedal digit V long and ‘ metatarsal-like’; three distal tarsals; ischium and pubis possibly in contact below thyroid fenestra; and palatine, pterygoid, and vomer all covered by fine shagreen of denticles (Fraser and Rieppel 2006; Ezcurra 2016).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Ortlam (1967) identified various bones from the Röt Formation of the Black Forest region of Baden-Württemberg as Macrocnemus bassanii and Tanystropheus longobardicus, respectively. Wild (1980) reinterpreted this material as juvenile specimens of “ Tanystropheus ” antiquus, which is known from isolated vertebrae, primarily cervical vertebrae, from the Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup of the Central European Basin (Spiekman and Scheyer 2019; Spiekman et al. 2021). Subsequently, Fraser and Rieppel (2006) assigned Ortlam’s specimens to Amotosaurus rotfeldensis .</p><p>References.</p><p>Ortlam (1967), Wild (1980), Fraser and Rieppel (2006), Pritchard et al. (2015), Ezcurra (2016), Spiekman et al. (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/17F5D7242A265C34B07A86D365C33518	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
FC9BBA6652AE5C449F24505E3D7166AD.text	FC9BBA6652AE5C449F24505E3D7166AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anarosaurus Dames 1890	<div><p>Genus Anarosaurus Dames, 1890</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Anarosaurus pumilio Dames, 1890 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC9BBA6652AE5C449F24505E3D7166AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C75D2B4CFAFA576BB89C12B7F48A53EF.text	C75D2B4CFAFA576BB89C12B7F48A53EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anarosaurus heterodontus Rieppel & Lin 1995	<div><p>Anarosaurus heterodontus Rieppel &amp; Lin, 1995</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MLU. GeoS. 6236, right dentary.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Freyburg an der Unstrut, Burgenlandkreis district, Saxony-Anhalt.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Schaumkalkbank Subformation, Jena Formation, Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Referred material (from Germany).</p><p>MLU. GeoS. 6237, left premaxilla from type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: dermal cranial bones with distinct sculpturing; dentition heterodont; and prefrontal and postfrontal closely approaching each other on orbital margin (Rieppel 2000).</p><p>References.</p><p>Rieppel and Lin (1995), Rieppel (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C75D2B4CFAFA576BB89C12B7F48A53EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B0B0708DFE265696832127CF8580FDA5.text	B0B0708DFE265696832127CF8580FDA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anarosaurus pumilio Dames 1890	<div><p>Anarosaurus pumilio Dames, 1890</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>GZG, lost during World War II. Casts are housed in various museums (e. g., SMNS 59073).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Remkersleben, 15 km west of Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Judicarites and Neoschizodus orbicularis Zone, Karlstadt Formation, Middle Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: dermal cranial bones weakly sculptured; homodont dentition; teeth with spatulate crowns; eight premaxillary teeth; 25 or 26 dorsal vertebrae; pubis with open obturator foramen; and femur distinctly elongated (Rieppel 2000).</p><p>References.</p><p>Dames (1890), Rieppel and Lin (1995), Rieppel (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0B0708DFE265696832127CF8580FDA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
CF93D65DC3F65FB081A789C8FF756B28.text	CF93D65DC3F65FB081A789C8FF756B28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anomoiodon F. Huene 1939	<div><p>Genus Anomoiodon F. Huene, 1939</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Anomoiodon liliensterni F. Huene, 1939 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF93D65DC3F65FB081A789C8FF756B28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
1404894EE32957899B8464104306D8BE.text	1404894EE32957899B8464104306D8BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anomoiodon liliensterni F. Huene 1939	<div><p>Anomoiodon liliensterni F. Huene, 1939</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB.R.3539B, partial skull and postcranial skeleton preserved as a natural mold.</p><p>Paratype.</p><p>MB.R.3539A, partial skeleton preserved as natural mold on the same block of matrix as the holotype and adjacent to it.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Reurieht near Hildburghausen, Thuringia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Chirotheriensandstein, upper part of Solling Formation, Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following features: dentary with anterior four teeth increasing in height and size posteriorly up to fifth tooth, which is almost twice as tall as the fourth; and sixth tooth with greatest labiolingual width, slightly shorter than the fifth (Säilä 2008).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Using high-fidelity silicon-rubber casts, Säilä (2008) provided the first detailed description of the two skeletons, which were preserved together in what was possibly a burrow. Her phylogenetic analysis recovered Anomoiodon as the sister-taxon of Kapes Ivakhnenko, 1975 from the Yarenskian gorizont (Olenekian) of the Komi Republic in Russia and from the Helsby Sandstone Formation (Anisian) of southwestern England. Both taxa share the presence of a posteromedial process on the anterodorsal region of the prefrontal that extends toward but does not reach the midline. They also resemble each other in the posteriorly increasing height and width of the dentary teeth. Spencer and Storrs (2002) suggested that Anomoiodon is possibly a subjective senior synonym of Kapes .</p><p>Ortlam (1967) named a second species, Anomoiodon krejcii, based on a poorly preserved left dentary (SMNK -PAL 76049) from an Upper Buntsandstein horizon exposed at a construction site in Pfalzgrafenweiler near Freudenstadt, Baden-Württemberg. He distinguished Anomoiodon krejcii from the type species by the presence of six teeth (rather than five as Huene had originally claimed for Anomoiodon liliensterni) and a decrease in size from the anterior to the posterior teeth rather than vice versa. Given the poor quality of preservation of the holotype and absence of diagnostic features, we consider Anomoiodon krejcii a nomen dubium.</p><p>References.</p><p>Huene (1939), Ortlam (1967), Säilä (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1404894EE32957899B8464104306D8BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
1ADE172023D95DBAA11D7308CA7523C8.text	1ADE172023D95DBAA11D7308CA7523C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apatosuchus orbitoangulatus (F. Huene 1932)	<div><p>Apatosuchus orbitoangulatus (F. Huene, 1932 b)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 12353 b, partial, disarticulated but associated remains of a skull (Fig. 19 A), including parts of both maxillae, nasals, frontals (mainly as impression in matrix), right jugal, right parietal, ventral process of right postorbital, nearly complete left squamosal, right quadrate, right pterygoid, part of possible vomer, incomplete basioccipital and parabasisphenoid, exoccipitals / opisthotics, supraoccipital, incomplete dentaries and splenials, nearly complete left angular, partial left surangular, right prearticular, and two incomplete ceratobranchials.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>“ Weisser Steinbruch ” south of Pfaffenhofen, Heilbronn district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle Stubensandstein (S 2), Löwenstein Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian-Alaunian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: dorsolateral ridge of squamosal not overhanging temporal region; dorsal surface of squamosal bounding supratemporal fenestra flat; ventral process of squamosal with faint lateral ridge; maxilla without distinct antorbital fossa and medial bony lamina bordering the antorbital fenestra; ventral margin of antorbital fenestra forming thickened rim; and lateral surface of dentary bearing prominent anteroposteriorly extending ridge (Sues and Schoch 2013).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene (1932 b) originally described SMNS 12353 b and designated it as the holotype of a new taxon of ‘ podokesaurid’ theropod, cf. Halticosaurus orbitoangulatus . Rauhut and Hungerbühler (2000) reexamined the specimen and found no evidence in support of theropod affinities. They noted that it might represent a ‘ sphenosuchian crocodile’ (basal crocodylomorph). Subsequently, detailed preparation of SMNS 12353 b made it possible to examine the structure of the skull in detail and to confirm that cf. Halticosaurus orbitoangulatus is a pseudosuchian (Sues and Schoch 2013 a). Sues and Schoch (2013) recovered this taxon among Loricata in their phylogenetic analysis, but Spiekman (pers. comm.) is currently reassessing its relationships.</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1932 b), Rauhut and Hungerbühler (2000), Sues and Schoch (2013 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1ADE172023D95DBAA11D7308CA7523C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
E92CB08314065E029AAF0AECA08F6A31.text	E92CB08314065E029AAF0AECA08F6A31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apatosuchus Sues & Schoch 2013	<div><p>Apatosuchus Sues &amp; Schoch, 2013 a</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Apatosuchus orbitoangulatus (F. Huene, 1932 b) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E92CB08314065E029AAF0AECA08F6A31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
2F9E00ACB4845A2587F3666C9E0D64BC.text	2F9E00ACB4845A2587F3666C9E0D64BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Batrachotomus Gower 1999	<div><p>Genus Batrachotomus Gower, 1999</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Batrachotomus kupferzellensis Gower, 1999 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2F9E00ACB4845A2587F3666C9E0D64BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
8B28C949EE525708B402358DBD2D9A20.text	8B28C949EE525708B402358DBD2D9A20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Batrachotomus kupferzellensis Gower 1999	<div><p>Batrachotomus kupferzellensis Gower, 1999</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 52970, dissociated premaxillae, maxillae (Fig. 11 C), nasals, frontal, postfrontals, parietals, squamosals, postorbitals, jugals, quadrates, right lacrimal, right prefrontal, left quadratojugal, left ectopterygoid, dentaries, surangulars, articulars, left prearticular, isolated teeth, three dorsal, a single sacral, and three caudal vertebrae, single dorsal osteoderm, right ilium, femora, left tibia and fibula. This set of remains apparently represents a single, large individual.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Salvage excavation in 1977 at construction site for the autobahn A 6 (Heilbronn-Nürnberg) near Kupferzell-Bauersbach, Hohenlohe district, Baden-Wu ̈ rttemberg (Wild 1978). Geographic coordinates: 49 ° 12 ' 52 " N, 9 ° 40 ' 52 " E.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 54840, partial right femur; SMNS 80260, associated cranial and postcranial bones; SMNS 80344, pterygoid; SMNS 80268 –80273, pelvic elements of several specimens; SMNS 80274, both scapulae; SMNS 80275, right forelimb; SMNS 80276, right humerus; SMNS 80283 –80343, vertebrae; SMNS 80277, fibula; SMNS 80278, left femur; SMNS 80279, left pubis; SMNS 80280, left and right ischia in articulation; SMNS 80281, proximal part of scapula; SMNS 80282, right pubis fragment; SMNS 90018, abdominal ribs, right pes, calcaneum. Important additional material from Vellberg-Eschenau is housed at MHI.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Diagnosed by a single unambiguous autapomorphy: presence of small depression on lateral surface of ventral process of postorbital (Nesbitt 2011). Gower and Schoch (2009) listed numerous differences in the structure of the skull and postcranial skeleton that clearly distinguish Batrachotomus kupferzellensis from other known loricatan taxa. It differs from its closest known relative, Heptasuchus clarki from the Middle or Upper Triassic of Wyoming, in several cranial features (Nesbitt et al. 2020).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Batrachotomus kupferzellensis is the most completely known ‘ rauisuchian’ pseudosuchian to date. An isolated maxillary tooth (SMNS 53538), the holotype of “ Zanclodon ” schuetzii E. Fraas, 1900, which probably came from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) Erfurt Formation at Hall, Baden-Württemberg (Hagdorn and Mutter 2011), closely resembles teeth of Batrachotomus kupferzellensis and is possibly referable to this or a closely related taxon.</p><p>The phylogenetic analysis by Nesbitt et al. (2020) found Batrachotomus kupferzellensis as most closely related to Heptasuchus clarki, but outside the clade Rauisuchidae + Crocodylomorpha.</p><p>References.</p><p>E. Fraas (1900), Gower (1999), Gower and Schoch (2009), Hagdorn and Mutter (2011), Nesbitt (2011), N. Klein et al. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B28C949EE525708B402358DBD2D9A20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
581629AF759E5F6695C406E95C0219FE.text	581629AF759E5F6695C406E95C0219FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blezingeria F. Huene 1951	<div><p>Genus Blezingeria F. Huene, 1951</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Blezingeria ichthyospondyla (E. Fraas, 1896) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/581629AF759E5F6695C406E95C0219FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
0E3D7BF4360753D7A60FB5649C7F4553.text	0E3D7BF4360753D7A60FB5649C7F4553.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blezingeria ichthyospondyla (E. Fraas 1896)	<div><p>Blezingeria ichthyospondyla (E. Fraas, 1896)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>GPIT-PV -34599. Disarticulated cervical and dorsal centra, figured by F. Huene (1951: fig. 1).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Heldenmühle quarry, Crailsheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Grenzbonebed, basal unit of Erfurt Formation (Lower Keuper). Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Includes MHI 1113 a-c, dorsal vertebrae from Crailsheim-Neidenfels, Baden-Württemberg, and SMNS 19136, set of 53 vertebral centra from type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: dorsal vertebral centra short anteroposteriorly, higher than long, amphicoelous and lacking notochordal pits; neural spines greatly elongated, narrow transversely, and slender; facets for rib articulation extending on both centra and neural arches (Müller 2002; Fig. 9 C, D). A new diagnosis must await a comprehensive examination of all specimens.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>E. Fraas (1896) briefly described distinctive vertebrae, which he tentatively attributed to a nothosaur and named Nothosaurus ichthyospondylus . F. Huene (1951) reviewed this material as well as additional postcranial bones recovered since the original description. Based on the form of the vertebral centra, he assigned them to what he considered a new genus of cymbospondylid ichthyosaur, Blezingeria . Schoch and Wild (1999) first suggested thalattosaurian affinities for Blezingeria ichthyospondyla . Müller (2002) re-examined the available material, noting that its skeletal remains were particularly common in the Grenzbonebed of the Lower Keuper Subgroup. He described the structure of the vertebrae, primarily dorsals, and argued that other referred bones (including purported cranial elements) could either not be confidently associated with the vertebrae or represented misidentified bones of sauropterygians or temnospondyls. Müller noted that the vertebrae differed from those of ichthyopterygians but could not confirm thalattosaurian affinities. The neural arches and spines closely resemble those of Thalattosaurus alexandrae from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Hosselkus Limestone of California (Nicholls 1999). Diedrich (2015) assigned additional postcranial bones to B. ichthyospondyla (MHI 1113 e, MHI 1345), but these referrals remain to be confirmed by more complete specimens.</p><p>References.</p><p>E. Fraas (1896), F. Huene (1951), Schoch and Wild (1999), Müller (2002), Diedrich (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E3D7BF4360753D7A60FB5649C7F4553	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
864D8CA7517152159A4BEB995912BE96.text	864D8CA7517152159A4BEB995912BE96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamosuchus Sues & Schoch 2025	<div><p>Calamosuchus gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Calamosuchus arenaceus (E. Fraas, 1896), comb. nov.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 80737, partial mandible (Fig. 13 C, D).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Feuerbacher Heide, Stuttgart-Feuerbach, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Stuttgart Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Carnian: Tuvalian).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Derived from Latin calamus, reed, and the Greek name for the ancient Egyptian crocodile-headed deity Sobk or Sebek, commonly used for names of reptilian genera. The word calamus alludes to the fossil coming from a formation traditionally known as Schilfsandstein (“ reed sandstone ”).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Calamosuchus arenaceus is distinguished by the following combination of features: Tooth-bearing ramus of dentary increasing in dorsoventral height posteriorly; symphyseal of region of mandible taller dorsoventrally than wide transversely; splenial long, extensively contributing to mandibular symphysis; external mandibular fenestra elongated, extending ventral to posterior dentary teeth; and dentary tooth crowns labiolingually flattened and with serrated carinae (Hungerbühler 2001; pers. obs.).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The holotype of “ Zanclodon ” arenaceus especially differs from that of Zanclodon laevis in the presence of distinct, serrated carinae on its tooth crowns (Hungerbühler 2001). The two species clearly belong to different taxa, and we propose a new genus Calamosuchus for the reception of “ Zanclodon ” arenaceus . F. Huene (1902) and most later authors (e. g., Westphal 1963) have interpreted this taxon as a phytosaur. Hungerbühler (2001) argued that it could represent another group of long-snouted archosauriforms, but his phylogenetic analyses recovered it as the sister-taxon of Phytosauria. We consider Calamosuchus arenaceus a stem-phytosaur or an early-diverging phytosaur.</p><p>References.</p><p>E. Fraas (1896), F. Huene (1902), Westphal (1963), Hungerbühler (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/864D8CA7517152159A4BEB995912BE96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C932417DDA865DF29F7BE248446420C8.text	C932417DDA865DF29F7BE248446420C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coburgosuchus goeckeli Heller 1954	<div><p>Coburgosuchus goeckeli Heller, 1954</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>NMC 10282, posterior region of cranium and associated teeth (Heller 1954).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Untersiemau near Coburg, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Lower portion of Upper Burgsandstein (equivalent to upper part of Löwenstein Formation), Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Alaunian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Currently not possible because NMC 10282 requires re-examination.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>In its cranial features Coburgosuchus goeckeli closely resembles Nicrosaurus kapffi . Thus, many authors have synonymized these two taxa, but, more recently, Spielmann and Lucas (2012) and Jones and Butler (2018) have retained their separation.</p><p>References.</p><p>Heller (1954), Spielmann and Lucas (2012), Jones and Butler (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C932417DDA865DF29F7BE248446420C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
4B4F22DCC5A55123801280D1A7E3365C.text	4B4F22DCC5A55123801280D1A7E3365C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coburgosuchus Heller 1954	<div><p>Genus Coburgosuchus Heller, 1954</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Coburgosuchus goeckeli Heller, 1954 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4F22DCC5A55123801280D1A7E3365C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
76A313C1409B57D4874E4C596FA640E1.text	76A313C1409B57D4874E4C596FA640E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenosauriscus koeneni (F. Huene 1902)	<div><p>Ctenosauriscus koeneni (F. Huene, 1902)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>GZG. V. 4191, partial vertebral column including three partial cervical vertebrae, at least 13 or 14 dorsal vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, nine anterior caudal vertebrae, five incomplete cervical ribs, eight partial dorsal ribs, and unidentified bone fragments possibly representing part of the pectoral girdle (Fig. 4 A). The specimen is preserved on four sandstone blocks that together comprise part and counterpart.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Bremke Valley, quarry east of the village of Reinhausen, about 10 km SE of Göttingen, Göttingen district, Lower Saxony.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Lower part of Solling Formation, Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Early Triassic (Olenekian: Spathian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Diagnosed by the following combination of features: posterior cervical, dorsal, sacral and anterior caudal vertebrae with elongated neural spines forming symmetrical ‘ sail’ (shared with other ctenosauriscids); dorsal neural spines distinctly elongated, with height of longest neural spine more than 12 times length that of corresponding vertebral centrum (probably shared with Arizonasaurus babbitti); neural spines with strongly anteroposteriorly expanded apices, reaching 190 % of anteroposterior length of bases (probably shared with Hypselorhachis mirabilis); and pre- and postzygapophyses of dorsal vertebrae large and robust, extending far beyond anterior and posterior articular faces of centra (probably shared with Hypselorhachis mirabilis) (Butler et al. 2011).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Although Kuhn’s (1964) replacement of Ctenosaurus F. Huene, 1902 by Ctenosauriscus is technically unjustified (Maisch 2025) the replacement name has become firmly entrenched in the literature and we retain it in the interest of nomenclatural stability.</p><p>Ctenosauriscus koeneni was initially considered a late-surviving early synapsid because it superficially resembles Dimetrodon in possessing greatly elongated neural spines along much of the vertebral column (F. Huene 1902, 1914, 1942). Krebs (1969) first interpreted it as a pseudosuchian based on the structure of the vertebrae and noted its close resemblance to (the then still unnamed) Hypselorhachis mirabilis, which is known from an anterior dorsal vertebra with an unusually tall neural spine from the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Middle Triassic: Anisian – Ladinian) in Tanzania (Butler et al. 2009). Furthermore, Arizonasaurus babbitti, from the Holbrook Member of the Moenkopi Formation (Middle Triassic: Anisian) of Arizona, also has greatly elongated neural spines on at least the anterior dorsal vertebrae (Nesbitt 2005).</p><p>A set of three partial neural spines (SMNS 91405), a partial anterior dorsal vertebra (SMNS 91402), and an incomplete left ilium (SMNS 91401) from the stratigraphically slightly younger Röt Formation (Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup; Anisian: Aegean) of Waldhaus in Baden-Württemberg possibly belong to a ctenosauriscid but cannot be confidently assigned to Ctenosauriscus koeneni due to the lack of corresponding skeletal elements (Butler et al. 2011).</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1902, 1914, 1942), Krebs (1969), Nesbitt (2005), Butler et al. (2009, 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/76A313C1409B57D4874E4C596FA640E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
D6168F1CF42A5BE4B14530279881A1EB.text	D6168F1CF42A5BE4B14530279881A1EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenosauriscus Kuhn 1964	<div><p>Genus Ctenosauriscus Kuhn, 1964</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Ctenosauriscus koeneni (F. Huene, 1902) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D6168F1CF42A5BE4B14530279881A1EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
071BE33D673D56DBB7DF3E114AE7C928.text	071BE33D673D56DBB7DF3E114AE7C928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyamodus kuhnschnyderi Nosotti & Pinna 1993	<div><p>Cyamodus kuhnschnyderi Nosotti &amp; Pinna, 1993</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 15855, incomplete cranium (Fig. 6 C).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Tiefenbach near Crailsheim, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Discoceratitenschichten, Hohenlohe Subformation, Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Fassanian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 16270, incomplete cranium (paratype 1); SMNS 18380, partial mandible (paratype 2). Nosotti and Pinna (1996) suggested that three isolated fragments of dermal armor (SMNS 15891 c, 16725, and 81600) are possibly referable to Cyamodus kuhnschnyderi .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: nasals fused; frontal lacking anterolateral process; anteromedial process of parietal embraced by frontal; furrow with three foramina along anteroventral margin of orbit; and epipterygoid incompletely ossified in adults (Rieppel 2001).</p><p>References.</p><p>Nosotti and Pinna (1993, 1996), Rieppel and Hagdorn (1999), Rieppel (2000, 2001 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/071BE33D673D56DBB7DF3E114AE7C928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
4DF9CF163FF85EBB998430E22F2F3C78.text	4DF9CF163FF85EBB998430E22F2F3C78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyamodus Meyer 1863	<div><p>Genus Cyamodus Meyer, 1863 a</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Cyamodus rostratus (Münster, 1839) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4DF9CF163FF85EBB998430E22F2F3C78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
E6ED4CCF8EC05B50B5D4DA75EA89FF43.text	E6ED4CCF8EC05B50B5D4DA75EA89FF43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyamodus muensteri (Agassiz 1839)	<div><p>Cyamodus muensteri (Agassiz, 1839)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1210, incomplete cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Lainecker Höhenzug, Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Ceratites flexuosus through C. compressus zones, upper part of Trochitenkalk Formation and lower part of Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Rieppel (2001 a) argued that this taxon cannot be diagnosed at present.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The holotype is incomplete and heavily reconstructed. If Cyamodus laticeps Owen, 1858 (based on an incomplete cranium, NHMUK PV R 1644) is a subjective junior synonym of C. muensteri, as suggested by Drevermann (1928), the holotype of the former presents a single potentially autapomorphic feature – nasal processes of premaxillae meeting frontals posteriorly, separating nasals from each other. However, the presence of this feature cannot be verified in SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1210 (Rieppel 2001 a).</p><p>References.</p><p>Agassiz (1839), Drevermann (1928), Rieppel and Hagdorn (1999), Rieppel (2000, 2001 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E6ED4CCF8EC05B50B5D4DA75EA89FF43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C74BF75BED485A84A2F28CF39DC14195.text	C74BF75BED485A84A2F28CF39DC14195.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyamodus rostratus (Munster 1839)	<div><p>Cyamodus rostratus (Münster, 1839)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>UMO BT 000748.00, incomplete cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Lainecker Höhenzug, Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Ceratites flexuosus through C. compressus zones, upper part of Trochitenkalk Formation and lower part of Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMF R 4040, left hemimandible from type locality; SMNS 17403, incomplete cranium from Burrer Quarry, Gaismühle near Crailsheim, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: grooves on postorbital portions of frontals converging toward parietal foramen; maxilla extending posteriorly to level behind posterior orbital margin in lateral view; jugal excluded from orbital margin in lateral view; anterior palatal process of jugal extending far between maxilla and palatine; jugal extending posteriorly along anteromedial margin of subtemporal fossa; apex of posterodorsal process of epipterygoid exposed at dorsomedial corner of posttemporal fossa in occipital view; distinct ‘ epiotic’ ossification between supraoccipital and opisthotic; and palatine with three crushing teeth located posterior to two maxillary crushing teeth (Rieppel 2001 a).</p><p>References.</p><p>Münster (1839), Meyer (1863 a), Drevermann (1928), Kuhn-Schnyder (1965), Rieppel (1995, 2000, 2001 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C74BF75BED485A84A2F28CF39DC14195	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
AE3E680A5F5858AC906968526EA2F4BA.text	AE3E680A5F5858AC906968526EA2F4BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymatosaurus erikae Maisch 2014	<div><p>Cymatosaurus erikae Maisch, 2014</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 10977, partial cranium (Fig. 8 B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Jenzig near Jena, Thuringia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Röt Subformation 4, Röt Formation, Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: estimated skull length about 20 cm; nasals not reaching external nares or anterior orbital margins; frontal not entering orbital margin; frontal closely approaching but not entering supratemporal fenestra; at least two maxillary teeth anterior to fangs; parietals extending up to posterior orbital margins, posteriorly narrow, and lacking sagittal crest; vomers unfused; palatines narrow and elongate; and quadrates and quadrate condyles inclined (Maisch 2014).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Rieppel (1997) referred SMNS 10977 to Cymatosaurus latifrons, but Maisch (2014) argued for its specific separation.</p><p>References.</p><p>Rieppel (1997), Maisch (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE3E680A5F5858AC906968526EA2F4BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
AEAF2CF83B325F42B31A7F20B0A7A341.text	AEAF2CF83B325F42B31A7F20B0A7A341.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymatosaurus fridericianus Fritsch 1894	<div><p>Cymatosaurus fridericianus Fritsch, 1894</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MLU. GeoS. 1477, incomplete cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Halle-Nietleben, Saxony-Anhalt.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Dornburg Subformation, Röt Formation, Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: paired fangs of maxilla followed by three maxillary teeth; nasal small, excluded from external narial margin; prefrontal and postfrontal in contact along orbital margin; and frontal entering anterior margin of supratemporal fossa (Rieppel 2000).</p><p>References.</p><p>Fritsch (1894), E. Huene (1944), Rieppel (1995, 1997, 1999, 2000), Rieppel and Werneburg (1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AEAF2CF83B325F42B31A7F20B0A7A341	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
76CEEE956377555BB2EB2BBE477F0E6A.text	76CEEE956377555BB2EB2BBE477F0E6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymatosaurus Fritsch 1894	<div><p>Genus Cymatosaurus Fritsch, 1894</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Cymatosaurus fridericianus Fritsch, 1894 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/76CEEE956377555BB2EB2BBE477F0E6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
2AA4ECD0D40A5C5FA9A703AB858BA9F1.text	2AA4ECD0D40A5C5FA9A703AB858BA9F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymatosaurus minor Rieppel & Werneburg 1998	<div><p>Cymatosaurus minor Rieppel &amp; Werneburg, 1998</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>NHMS - GT 21, partial cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Hetschburg near Bad Berka, Thuringia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Jena Formation, Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: supratemporal fossa proportionately long and narrow; sagittal crest present on posterior portion of parietals; anterolateral processes of parietals nearly extending to posterior orbital margins; and vomers fused (Rieppel 2000).</p><p>References.</p><p>Rieppel and Werneburg (1998), Rieppel (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2AA4ECD0D40A5C5FA9A703AB858BA9F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
F0F1753191925E67BC9C72C990E438E7.text	F0F1753191925E67BC9C72C990E438E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dyoplax arenaceus O. Fraas 1867	<div><p>Dyoplax arenaceus O. Fraas, 1867</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 4760, nearly complete skeleton missing most of the limbs and the distal end of the tail, preserved as a natural cast (Fig. 15 A).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Leins Quarry at Sonnenberg, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg (Maisch et al. 2013).</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Upper portion of Stuttgart Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Carnian: Tuvalian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: Premaxillae with long posterodorsal processes separating nasals for considerable distance; antorbital fenestra low, long, and oval; antorbital fossa deep, distinctly rimmed; nasal and jugal not entering margin of antorbital fenestra; jugal deep, with distinct ridge separating ventrolateral and dorsolateral surfaces; dorsal dermal armor comprising pair of rows of paramedian osteoderms; and presence of cervical lateral osteoderms (Maisch et al. 2013).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>In the original description O. Fraas (1867) did not assign Dyoplax arenaceus to any specific group of reptiles. Due to its preservation as a natural cast, it is difficult to identify many anatomical features. F. Huene (1902) first considered Dyoplax arenaceus a pseudosuchian. Walker (1970) assigned it to Erpetosuchidae . Lucas et al. (1998) interpreted it as an early crocodylomorph. Maisch et al. (2013) and Foffa et al. (2021) explicitly supported referral to Erpetosuchidae .</p><p>References.</p><p>O. Fraas (1867), Walker (1970), Lucas et al. (1998), Maisch et al. (2013); Foffa et al. (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F0F1753191925E67BC9C72C990E438E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
731FB9752FD456369E9A19BAA1D526D8.text	731FB9752FD456369E9A19BAA1D526D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dyoplax O. Fraas 1867	<div><p>Genus Dyoplax O. Fraas, 1867</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Dyoplax arenaceus O. Fraas, 1867 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/731FB9752FD456369E9A19BAA1D526D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
4506A8E25F5D53B6B07BA6841CD290CA.text	4506A8E25F5D53B6B07BA6841CD290CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ebrachosaurus Kuhn 1936	<div><p>Genus Ebrachosaurus Kuhn, 1936</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Ebrachosaurus singularis Kuhn, 1936 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4506A8E25F5D53B6B07BA6841CD290CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
8075D20BBC8B53B2A5FE7C7663C12CA9.text	8075D20BBC8B53B2A5FE7C7663C12CA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ebrachosaurus singularis Kuhn 1936	<div><p>Ebrachosaurus singularis Kuhn, 1936</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Originally SNSB-BSPG, lost during WW II. Various postcranial bones, including right humerus, radius, and ulna, left ilium and partial pubis, right femur, and paramedian and ventral osteoderms (Kuhn 1936).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former sandstone quarry at Ebrach, Bamberg district, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Bed 13, Blasensandstein, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Carnian: Tuvalian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Due to the loss of the holotype and only known specimen it is no longer possible to provide a diagnosis.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Kuhn (1936) already recognized the stagonolepidid affinities of this taxon. Heckert and Lucas (2000) noted the close similarity of the holotype to Stagonolepis robertsoni and even considered Ebrachosaurus singularis a subjective junior synonym of the former.</p><p>References.</p><p>Kuhn (1936), Heckert and Lucas (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8075D20BBC8B53B2A5FE7C7663C12CA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
78D1A88C834255BBB6859234D7FE8DA5.text	78D1A88C834255BBB6859234D7FE8DA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ebrachosuchus Kuhn 1936	<div><p>Genus Ebrachosuchus Kuhn, 1936</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Ebrachosuchus neukami Kuhn, 1936 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/78D1A88C834255BBB6859234D7FE8DA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
FABC582C374352C899101B40A2CC8477.text	FABC582C374352C899101B40A2CC8477.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ebrachosuchus neukami Kuhn 1936	<div><p>Ebrachosuchus neukami Kuhn, 1936</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SNSB-BSPG 1931 X 501, complete cranium lacking most teeth except for three maxillary ones (Fig. 15 C).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former quarry at Ebrach, Bamberg district, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Bed 9, Blasensandstein, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Carnian: Tuvalian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following autapomorphies: antorbital length of cranium more than 3.8 times that of combined orbit and postorbital lengths; premaxilla and maxilla with total of more than 50 teeth; pronounced, sharp flange along lateral surface of dorsal process of jugal and ventral process of postorbital continuous posteriorly with lateral margin of postorbital – squamosal bar; infratemporal fenestra much longer anteroposteriorly than deep dorsoventrally, terminating anteriorly at level of midpoint of orbit; quadrate foramen greatly enlarged, approximately two-thirds of width of foramen magnum; and alveolar ridges absent from anterior portion of maxilla and only poorly developed on premaxilla (Butler et al. 2014).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Kuhn (1936) named Ebrachosuchus neukami based on a well-preserved skull (SNSB-BSPG 1931 X 501) that is readily distinguished from those of “ Francosuchus ” spp. by its greatly elongated snout. Gregory (1962) synonymized Ebrachosuchus with Francosuchus and the combined genus with “ Paleorhinus ” but retained neukami as a distinct species. Chatterjee (1978) considered Ebrachosuchus a valid genus, which he considered ancestral to the long-snouted mystriosuchine parasuchid Mystriosuchus . Butler et al. (2014) provided a detailed description of SNSB-BSPG 1931 X 501. In their phylogenetic analysis of Phytosauria, Jones and Butler (2018) found Ebrachosaurus more closely related to Mystriosuchinae than to Parasuchus .</p><p>References.</p><p>Kuhn (1936), Gregory (1962), Chatterjee (1978), Butler et al. (2014), Jones and Butler (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FABC582C374352C899101B40A2CC8477	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
24A0899997585E28A59616EDD30979B4.text	24A0899997585E28A59616EDD30979B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Efraasia Galton 1973	<div><p>Genus Efraasia Galton, 1973</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Efraasia minor (F. Huene, 1908) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/24A0899997585E28A59616EDD30979B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
07100BE830A559B1913C28C94EB31114.text	07100BE830A559B1913C28C94EB31114.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Efraasia minor (F. Huene 1908)	<div><p>Efraasia minor (F. Huene, 1908)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 11838, incomplete adult postcranial skeleton consisting of dorsal vertebrae, one sacral centrum, nearly complete right manus, some phalanges from left manus, pubes, right femur, tibia, and fibula, and partial right pes.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>“ Weisser Steinbruch ” near Pfaffenhofen, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle Stubensandstein (S 2), Löwenstein Formation (equivalent of Arnstadt Formation in the basin), Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian-Alaunian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 12188 –12192 (holotype of Sellosaurus fraasi F. Huene, 1908), 12354, 12667 (holotype of Palaeosaurus? diagnosticus F. Huene, 1932), 12684, and 17928. Yates (2003) tentatively referred three additional specimens, SMNS 12216, 12668, and 14881 to this species. All specimens are from the type locality except SMNS 17928, which was recovered from the lower part of the Löwenstein Formation in the Goesel Quarry, Ochsenbach, Ludwigsburg district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: phalanx I- 1 of manual digit I longer than metacarpal I; and distal portion of pubis not expanded anteroposteriorly (Schaeffer 2024).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Recent phylogenetic analyses (Marsh and Rowe 2018; Regalado Fernández and Werneburg 2022; Schaeffer 2024 a) have consistently recovered Efraasia minor as an early-diverging sauropodomorph dinosaur. Yates (2003) argued that Palaeosaurus? diagnosticus F. Huene, 1932 is a subjective junior synonym of Teratosaurus? minor F. Huene, 1908, which has page priority over Sellosaurus fraasi F. Huene, 1908 . Thus, the correct binomen should be Efraasia minor (F. Huene, 1908) . Later authors including Bronzati and Rauhut (2017) have adopted this taxonomic usage.</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1907–1908, 1932 b), Galton (1973), Yates (2003), Bronzati and Rauhut (2017), Schaeffer (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/07100BE830A559B1913C28C94EB31114	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
7414796C59595778AC738CDC037E93D0.text	7414796C59595778AC738CDC037E93D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eifelosaurus Jaekel 1904	<div><p>Genus Eifelosaurus Jaekel, 1904</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Eifelosaurus triadicus Jaekel, 1904 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7414796C59595778AC738CDC037E93D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
2B65B985E65452C28B90849A6BE0925C.text	2B65B985E65452C28B90849A6BE0925C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eifelosaurus triadicus Jaekel 1904	<div><p>Genus Eifelosaurus triadicus Jaekel, 1904</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>IGPB JAEKEL-1, partial postcranial skeleton exposed in ventral view, comprising much of the dorsal vertebral column including ribs and gastralia, two sacral vertebrae, four complete caudal vertebrae and one partial one, much of the pelvis, complete left and incomplete caudal vertebrae right femur, and proximal end of left fibula or tibia (Fig. 5 B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Unidentified quarry south of Oberbettingen, Hillesheim, Vulkaneifel district, Rhineland-Palatinate.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Kyllburg Beds, Ro ̈ t Formation, Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>None.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>No autapomorphies. Sues et al. (2022) tentatively considered Eifelosaurus triadicus a valid taxon because it can be clearly differentiated from other known early-diverging rhynchosaurs.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene (1929) first interpreted Eifelosaurus triadicus as a rhynchosaur. The phylogenetic analysis by Sues et al. (2022) confirmed his assignment and found Eifelosaurus triadicus among Rhynchosauridae, more nested than the early-diverging rhynchosaurs from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Trirachodon-Kannemeyeria Subzone of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone in South Africa (Ezcurra et al. 2016). An aggregation of three juvenile skeletons from the Plattensandstein Formation of the former Kössig Quarry south of Rotfelden, Baden-Württemberg, represents a second record of Anisian-age rhynchosaurs from the Central European Basin; it is currently under study by the authors.</p><p>References.</p><p>Jaekel (1904), F. Huene (1929), Ezcurra et al. (2016), Sues et al. (2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B65B985E65452C28B90849A6BE0925C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
4D4C621FC72D5D4E9566AD40996A36E6.text	4D4C621FC72D5D4E9566AD40996A36E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch 1949	<div><p>Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB. R. 4520, nearly complete but crushed skull (Fig. 14 C) and partial postcranial skeleton including much of the shoulder girdle and a right humerus, preserved on six small blocks of matrix.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Baerecke-Limpricht brick-clay pit along the present-day highway B 79 between Halberstadt and Quedlinburg, near Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Arnstadt Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Alaunian-Sevatian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: frontal with distinct posterolateral process; maxillary tooth row extending back to posterior orbital margin; jugal with freely ending posterior process; palatine ramus of pterygoid covered with shagreen of teeth; angular exposed laterally for about one third of lateral surface of mandibular ramus; anterior margin of interclavicle notched; and posterior process of interclavicle spatulate (Sobral et al. 2015).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This taxon has been assigned to various diapsid clades since its original description. Janensch (1949) considered Elachistosuchus huenei a pseudosuchian based primarily on what he interpreted as an antorbital fenestra. Walker (1966) argued that it was a rhynchocephalian, incorrectly claiming that it has acrodont tooth implantation and reinterpreting the ‘ antorbital fenestra’ as the foramen for the lacrimal canal. Following a detailed anatomical description based on µCT-scans of the holotype, Sobral et al. (2015) attempted the first assessment of its relationships with phylogenetic analyses based on two character-taxon matrices available at the time. They recovered Elachistosuchus huenei as an archosauromorph, a lepidosauromorph, or a non-saurian diapsid. In a recent phylogenetic analysis using a much larger character-taxon matrix, Ezcurra and Sues (2021) found it as an early-diverging non-lepidosaurian lepidosauromorph.</p><p>References.</p><p>Janensch (1949), Walker (1966), Sobral et al. (2015), Ezcurra and Sues (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D4C621FC72D5D4E9566AD40996A36E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
45F06D47D9485D24941A2FFF8FC0AA62.text	45F06D47D9485D24941A2FFF8FC0AA62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elachistosuchus Janensch 1949	<div><p>Genus Elachistosuchus Janensch, 1949</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/45F06D47D9485D24941A2FFF8FC0AA62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
F68366544566525CA0D358DE406C132E.text	F68366544566525CA0D358DE406C132E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fraxinisaura rozynekae Schoch & Sues 2018	<div><p>Fraxinisaura rozynekae Schoch &amp; Sues, 2018 b</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91547, disarticulated but associated bones of a partial skeleton preserved on two blocks of matrix, including the right maxilla, right frontal, both jugals, right palatine, both dentaries, left epipterygoid, 10 dorsal vertebrae, rib fragments, right humerus, right femur, left ilium, and both tibiae (Fig. 11 A).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, near Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Schoch and Sues (2018 b).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following suite of derived features: Maxillary and dentary tooth crowns conical, usually with recurved apices, with three to five parallel striae on lingual surface near apex of crown, and with robust bases; maxilla with dorsoventrally low facial process and long anterior process; jugal with short anterior process and very short, freely ending posterior process (only in adults); and ilium with tall, posterodorsally extending process (Schoch and Sues 2018 b).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Fraxinisaura rozynekae is closely related to Marmoretta oxoniensis from the Middle Jurassic of England and Scotland and the Upper Jurassic of Portugal (Evans 1991; Griffiths et al. 2021). These taxa share the absence of the premaxillary process of the maxilla, absence of a parietal foramen, and absence of an infraorbital foramen on the palate (Griffiths et al. 2021). Both also share various lepidosauromorph features such as pleurodont tooth implantation.</p><p>References.</p><p>Sues and Schoch (2018 b), Ford et al. (2021), Griffiths et al. (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F68366544566525CA0D358DE406C132E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
187011BB181951949E3DF875B2E9307D.text	187011BB181951949E3DF875B2E9307D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fraxinisaura Schoch & Sues 2018	<div><p>Genus Fraxinisaura Schoch &amp; Sues, 2018 b</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Fraxinisaura rozynekae Schoch &amp; Sues, 2018 b .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/187011BB181951949E3DF875B2E9307D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
177455A3D4DD5DF5B5B6025A5D266A8A.text	177455A3D4DD5DF5B5B6025A5D266A8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Henodus chelyops F. Huene 1936	<div><p>Henodus chelyops F. Huene, 1936</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>GPIT-PV -30002 (‘ specimen II’ of F. Huene 1936; Fig. 12 B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Goldersbach near Tübingen-Lustnau, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Stuttgart Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup (Seegis 2005). Age: Late Triassic (Carnian: Julian-Tuvalian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>‘ Specimens I and III-VIII’ (GPIT-PV -30001 and GPIT-PV -30003 - GPIT-PV -30008) from type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: skull broad transversely, flat dorsoventrally, and truncated anteriorly; anterior edges of premaxillae denticulate; maxilla with deep groove but without teeth; palatines separated from each other by broad vomers and pterygoids; palatine with single posterior crushing tooth; supratemporal fenestra small or absent; parietal broad and fan-shaped; dentary with deep groove and single posterior crushing tooth; coronoid forming small coronoid process; carapace shorter anteroposteriorly than wide transversely, distinctly embayed anteriorly and posteriorly, and linked to plastron by lateral wall; dorsomedial row of hexagonal osteoderms underlain by dorsal neural spines; and marginal row of smaller hexagonal osteoderms closely associated with underlying ribs (Rieppel 2001 a, 2002).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Unlike other placodonts, Henodus chelyops lived in a brackish-water lagoonal environment. Rieppel (2012) noted its unusual combination of denticulate premaxillary edges (suitable for scraping), small crushing teeth at the back of the palatines and dentaries, and a well-developed hyoid apparatus (potentially suitable for suction feeding). F. Huene (1936) also observed what he considered traces of what appeared to be baleen-like structures in the mouth. Reif and Stein (1999) interpreted Henodus chelyops as possibly herbivorous, but Pommery et al. (2021) suggested a diet of small crustaceans and snails.</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1936, 1938, 1958 a), Reiff (1942), Westphal (1975), Reif and Stein (1999), Rieppel (2001 a, 2002 a), Pommery et al. (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177455A3D4DD5DF5B5B6025A5D266A8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
7C1CD13CE2235CDB9C6DB9BDB775DA14.text	7C1CD13CE2235CDB9C6DB9BDB775DA14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Henodus F. Huene 1936	<div><p>Genus Henodus F. Huene, 1936</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Henodus chelyops F. Huene, 1936 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C1CD13CE2235CDB9C6DB9BDB775DA14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
FE2E7A44797B5083B7BA19A8D30378D2.text	FE2E7A44797B5083B7BA19A8D30378D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Horaffia kugleri N. Klein & Hagdorn 2014	<div><p>Horaffia kugleri N. Klein &amp; Hagdorn, 2014</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MHI 2112 / 5, left humerus.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schneider Quarry, Obersontheim-Ummenhofen, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Grenzbonebed, basal unit of Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Fassanian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Four additional humeri: MHI 2112 / 1, left humerus from former Feldner Quarry at Satteldorf-Barenhalden; MHI 2212 / 2, right humerus from Schumann Quarry, Vellberg-Eschenau; MHI 2112 / 3, left humerus from former Härer Quarry at Crailsheim-Tiefenbach; MHI 2112 / 4, right humerus from Schneider Quarry, Obersontheim-Ummenhofen.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: very robust, pachyosteosclerotic humerus; proximal head of humerus triangular with protruding preaxial margin and protruding ventral ridge; and distal end of humerus asymmetrical, with preaxially slanted margin (N. Klein and Hagdorn 2014).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The distinctive bone histology of these unusual humeri resembles that of Cyamodus (N. Klein and Hagdorn 2014) . Horaffia kugleri is currently known only from isolated humeri. Although it possibly represents a new clade of placodonts its phylogenetic position remains unresolved at present (N. Klein and Hagdorn 2014).</p><p>References.</p><p>N. Klein and Hagdorn (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE2E7A44797B5083B7BA19A8D30378D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
71807EF1734457E49C5BA3DFBFB2FC8C.text	71807EF1734457E49C5BA3DFBFB2FC8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Horaffia N. Klein & Hagdorn 2014	<div><p>Genus Horaffia N. Klein &amp; Hagdorn, 2014</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Horaffia kugleri N. Klein &amp; Hagdorn, 2014 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71807EF1734457E49C5BA3DFBFB2FC8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
55C45D5392055D229BB4DCEF04669DB6.text	55C45D5392055D229BB4DCEF04669DB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jaxtasuchus salomoni Schoch & Sues 2014	<div><p>Jaxtasuchus salomoni Schoch &amp; Sues, 2014</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91352 A – C: largely articulated skeleton lacking the skull and cervical vertebrae on several blocks of mudstone. SMNS 91352 A and B are part and counterpart of a block with the anterior portion of the trunk including the forelimbs. SMNS 91352 C preserves the pelvic region, hindlimbs, and much of the tail.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 91083, partial, disarticulated anterior portion of a skeleton including both maxillae, probable left postorbital, anterior part of the left nasal, posterior process of left premaxilla, right pterygoid, supraoccipital, basioccipital, both exoccipitals, and left angular; seven transverse rows of osteoderms, each comprising four elements; cervical vertebrae 2–8 and cervical ribs; SMNS 91002, complete forelimb, dorsal osteoderms, and associated femur; SMNS 90500, caudal osteoderms, two vertebrae, and two ribs; SMNS 81868, dorsal vertebra; SMNS 81906, 90046, two caudal vertebrae; SMNS 81891 –81905, 90530–90539, osteoderms; SMNS 90505, dorsal vertebrae, numerous osteoderms, ribs, and possible gastralia; SMNS 90067, 90068, two paramedian osteoderms; SMNS 59403, lateral caudal osteoderm.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: maxillary tooth crowns tall, slightly recurved, bearing prominent apicobasal ridges along labial and lingual surfaces and smooth mesial and distal carinae (Fig. 10 C); width of dorsal osteoderms up to 1.2–1.8 times greatest length; sculpturing pronounced on dorsal and caudal osteoderms, comprising prominent ridges and deep pits (Fig. 10 E) that are more prominently developed but fewer in number than on comparable osteoderms of Doswellia kaltenbachi; and cervical centra distinctly longer than high, with those of sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae being longest (Schoch and Sues 2014; Ezcurra 2016).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Jaxtasuchus salomoni represented the first record of a doswelliid archosauriform from the Middle Triassic and from the CEB. Among known doswelliids, it is most closely related to Doswellia kaltenbachi Weems, 1980 from the Upper Triassic (Carnian: Tuvalian) Poor Farm Member of the Falling Creek Formation in Virginia, U. S. A.</p><p>References.</p><p>Schoch and Sues (2014), Ezcurra (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/55C45D5392055D229BB4DCEF04669DB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B206CBD105155B8882694DB099E8E390.text	B206CBD105155B8882694DB099E8E390.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jaxtasuchus Schoch & Sues 2014	<div><p>Genus Jaxtasuchus Schoch &amp; Sues, 2014</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Jaxtasuchus salomoni Schoch &amp; Sues, 2014 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B206CBD105155B8882694DB099E8E390	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
D38ADAB91CB45D3985CA48BC0F6E6329.text	D38ADAB91CB45D3985CA48BC0F6E6329.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Koiloskiosaurus coburgiensis F. Huene 1911	<div><p>Koiloskiosaurus coburgiensis F. Huene, 1911 a</p><p>Syntypes.</p><p>NMC 9333, three associated partial skeletons preserved as natural molds on part and counterpart blocks (Fig. 3 A).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Höhn near Coburg, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Chirotheriensandstein, upper part of Solling Formation, Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene’s (1912) account on the structure of the skull based on casts presents little detail, and assessment of the phylogenetic position of Koiloskiosaurus coburgiensis must await a detailed re-examination of the syntypes.</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1911 a, 1912).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D38ADAB91CB45D3985CA48BC0F6E6329	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
8937438CF91854F0999FDFA6C5ECE7EC.text	8937438CF91854F0999FDFA6C5ECE7EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Koiloskiosaurus F. Huene 1911	<div><p>Genus Koiloskiosaurus F. Huene, 1911 a</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Koiloskiosaurus coburgiensis F. Huene, 1911 a .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8937438CF91854F0999FDFA6C5ECE7EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
1B055A977AC45B9CAA2D0DD70ABA140A.text	1B055A977AC45B9CAA2D0DD70ABA140A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lariosaurus Curioni 1847	<div><p>Genus Lariosaurus Curioni, 1847</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Lariosaurus balsami Curioni, 1847 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B055A977AC45B9CAA2D0DD70ABA140A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
8DE88849017D50728EDF8A160D3DD15F.text	8DE88849017D50728EDF8A160D3DD15F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liliensternus liliensterni (F. Huene 1934)	<div><p>Liliensternus liliensterni (F. Huene, 1934)</p><p>Syntypes.</p><p>MB. R. 2175, association of disarticulated and commingled skeletal remains of two individuals. Welles (1984) selected the larger skeleton as the lectotype, but this selection is arbitrary because the bones of the two individuals cannot be readily separated from each other. Kirmse et al. (2024) noted that the neurocentral sutures are still open and the sacral vertebrae are only partially fused. These features suggest that the syntypes represent somatically immature individuals.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Grosser Gleichberg, SW of Hildburghausen, Thuringia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Top of Arnstadt Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Sevatian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Still unpublished cranial and postcranial remains of several individuals from the Trossingen Formation of Ellingen in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district of Bavaria belong to Liliensternus liliensterni or a closely related taxon (Kirmse et al. 2024). This material represents large, presumably adult individuals, with estimated total lengths between 7 and at least 9 m. Potentially diagnostic features shared with the syntypes from Thuringia include the ridges and keels on the cervical vertebrae and and the denticle pattern on the maxillary tooth crowns (Kirmse et al. 2024).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A comprehensive diagnosis must await a detailed reassessment of the syntypes and recently referred specimens that is currently in progress. Ezcurra and Cuny (2007) listed the absence of the centrodiapophyseal lamina extending from the diapophysis to the posterodorsal corner of the cervical centrum and the absence of a posterior pleurocoel on the anterior cervical vertebrae as distinctive for Liliensternus liliensterni .</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene (1934) named this taxon Halticosaurus liliensterni, but it lacks apomorphies that would relate it to the poorly known Halticosaurus longotarsus . Welles (1984) proposed a new genus Liliensternus for its reception. Phylogenetic analyses by Ezcurra (2017) and Kirmse et al. (2024) recovered Liliensternus liliensterni as a stem-averostran rather than as a coelophysoid.</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1934), Welles (1984), Rauhut and Hungerbühler (2000), Ezcurra and Cuny (2007), Ezcurra (2017), Kirmse et al. (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8DE88849017D50728EDF8A160D3DD15F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
0E9F312E24D7562EA8952CE232884308.text	0E9F312E24D7562EA8952CE232884308.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liliensternus Welles 1994	<div><p>Genus Liliensternus Welles, 1994</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Liliensternus liliensterni (F. Huene, 1934) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E9F312E24D7562EA8952CE232884308	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
73BDA6A4258C5B7286D30151A632FC44.text	73BDA6A4258C5B7286D30151A632FC44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroplacus raeticus Schubert-Klempnauer 1975	<div><p>Macroplacus raeticus Schubert-Klempnauer, 1975</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SNSB-BSPG 1967 I 324, nearly complete cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Hinterstein (Sonthofen), Oberallgäu district, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Kössen Formation. Age: Late Triassic (late Norian-Rhaetian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: posterior palatine tooth greatly enlarged; posterior processes of premaxillae extending posteriorly to frontals and separating nasals from each other; posttemporal fossae small; and distal portion of quadrate above distal articular end pierced by foramen (Rieppel 2000).</p><p>References.</p><p>Schubert-Klempnauer (1975), Rieppel (2000, 2001 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73BDA6A4258C5B7286D30151A632FC44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BCFE411EEF90530FBEA06216CBD43DC1.text	BCFE411EEF90530FBEA06216CBD43DC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroplacus Schubert-Klempnauer 1975	<div><p>Genus Macroplacus Schubert-Klempnauer, 1975</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Macroplacus raeticus Schubert-Klempnauer, 1975 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCFE411EEF90530FBEA06216CBD43DC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
5124D13184C75015A3DD0DD6C4454B26.text	5124D13184C75015A3DD0DD6C4454B26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marcianosuchus angustifrons Sues, Spiekman & Schoch 2024	<div><p>Marcianosuchus angustifrons Sues, Spiekman &amp; Schoch, 2024</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91318, mostly disarticulated but associated elements of a skeleton including a right premaxilla, right maxilla, frontals, right postorbital, right quadratojugal, right squamosal, right quadrate, articulated left articular, surangular, and angular, left prearticular, teeth, both scapulae, left coracoid, both humeri, partial right ilium, right ischium, both pubes, both femora, partial tibia, fragment of? fibula, vertebrae from various regions of the vertebral column, neural arches, ribs, gastralia, and osteoderms (Fig. 5 A). There are additional bones that could not yet be identified due to the lack of detailed information for possibly homologous elements in other known archosauriform reptiles.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former Kössig Quarry, about 100 m south of Rotfelden, Ebhausen municipality, Calw district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Plattensandstein Formation (Nitsch 2024), Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: posterodorsal process of premaxilla slender, slightly inclined posterodorsally, and with rounded apex; posterodorsal surface of frontal covered by slightly diverging, fine, anteroposteriorly extending grooves; squamosal with distinct lateral ridge extending for entire length of bone; teeth with proportionately small, weakly recurved crowns; humerus much shorter than femur; distal shaft of ischium rod-like; pubis with flat distal portion forming ‘ pubic apron’; neural spines of posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae with transversely greatly expanded apices that are Y-shaped in anterior / posterior view; centra of dorsal vertebrae taller dorsoventrally than long anteroposteriorly; dorsal osteoderms more or less rectangular in outline, longer anteroposteriorly than wide mediolaterally, with slightly rounded anterior and concave posterior margins and bearing dorsal ridge or eminence; and dorsal surfaces of osteoderms with unsculptured region anteriorly and sculpturing consisting of radially arranged grooves and pits more posteriorly (Sues et al. 2024).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Marcianosuchus angustifrons represents the only definitive body-fossil record of a non-archosaurian archosauriform from the Buntsandstein Goup known to date. Although it resembles Euparkeria capensis Broom, 1913 from the Trirachodon-Kannemeyeria Subzone of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Anisian) of South Africa, Sues et al. (2024) did not recover it as a member of Euparkeriidae in their phylogenetic analysis.</p><p>References.</p><p>Sues et al. (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5124D13184C75015A3DD0DD6C4454B26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BC5C18227759557BA169F2638F78C3D9.text	BC5C18227759557BA169F2638F78C3D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marcianosuchus Sues, Spiekman & Schoch 2024	<div><p>Genus Marcianosuchus Sues, Spiekman &amp; Schoch, 2024</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Marcianosuchus angustifrons Sues, Spiekman &amp; Schoch, 2024 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC5C18227759557BA169F2638F78C3D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
DE0C8D829ECB5CF39A1739D810B8935A.text	DE0C8D829ECB5CF39A1739D810B8935A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesorhinosuchus fraasi (Jaekel 1910)	<div><p>Mesorhinosuchus fraasi (Jaekel, 1910)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Originally housed in GPG, destroyed during World War II. Incomplete cranium lacking the premaxillae and much of the right side of the posterior region.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>According to the specimen label cited by Jaekel (1910), the fossil was collected near Bernburg an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Jaekel (1910) argued that the specimen came from the lowermost portion of the Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup, which is Early Triassic (Olenekian: Spathian) in age.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>As the holotype and only known specimen is lost it is not possible to develop a modern diagnosis.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Jaekel (1910) described an incomplete cranium, which had previously been identified as the temnospondyl amphibian Trematosaurus brauni and reinterpreted it as a phytosaur. He proposed the binomen Mesorhinus fraasi for its reception. The genus name was already preoccupied and thus was replaced by Mesorhinosuchus (Kuhn 1961) . Based on Jaekel’s (1910: fig. 2) photograph of the dorsal surface of the cranium, we agree with Gregory (1962) and Chatterjee (1978) that the specimen closely resembles skulls of “ Paleorhinus ” (= Parasuchus). The label associated with the specimen stated that it was found at Bernburg. Jaekel compared its matrix with Buntsandstein sediments from the Bernburg region and was satisfied that he had confirmed the locality information on the specimen label. Since then, however, the considerable temporal gap between Mesorhinosuchus fraasi and the oldest known phytosaur, Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Yunnan (China) (Stocker et al. 2017), has led most researchers to question its provenance. Due to loss of the holotype and the lack of additional material it is impossible to resolve this issue.</p><p>References.</p><p>Jaekel (1910), Kuhn (1961), Gregory (1962), Chatterjee (1978).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DE0C8D829ECB5CF39A1739D810B8935A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
33157293C517574A93177A93CF361E51.text	33157293C517574A93177A93CF361E51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesorhinosuchus Kuhn 1961	<div><p>Genus Mesorhinosuchus Kuhn, 1961</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Mesorhinosuchus fraasi (Jaekel, 1910) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/33157293C517574A93177A93CF361E51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
AA810EF99B5554D5BCF19D308160494D.text	AA810EF99B5554D5BCF19D308160494D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mystriosuchus E. Fraas 1896	<div><p>Genus Mystriosuchus E. Fraas, 1896</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Mystriosuchus planirostris (Meyer, 1863) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA810EF99B5554D5BCF19D308160494D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BB5CF2E4C2EE52D5B4692E5A6AFC3686.text	BB5CF2E4C2EE52D5B4692E5A6AFC3686.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mystriosuchus planirostris (Meyer 1863)	<div><p>Mystriosuchus planirostris (Meyer, 1863)</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>MCZ VPRA-1018, part of the antorbital region of the cranium (Hunt and Lucas 1989).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Neuhaus near Aixheim, Schwarzwald district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle Stubensandstein (S 2), Löwenstein Formation (equivalent of Arnstadt Formation), Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Alaunian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Hunt and Lucas (1989) also identified a series of rostral fragments in the MCZ collection (MCZ VPRA-1019 A-C; MCZ VPRA-1022 A-B) as paralectotypes. See Hungerbühler (1997). Referred specimens include SMNS 9134, which includes a complete skull (Fig. 16 A) first illustrated by E. Fraas (1896).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Diagnosed by the following combination of features: rostrum greatly elongated; ratio of rostral to narial plus postnarial length exceeding 2.2; interpremaxillary fossa slit-like; skull roof and narial region with sculpturing of deep pits and blunt ridges (Fig. 16 B); antorbital depression crescent-shaped; anterior margin of supratemporal fenestra raised; parietosquamosal bar dorsoventrally thick posteriorly with triangular cross-section; squamosal with distinct, overhanging lateral ridge; posterior process of squamosal small; and posttemporal fenestra very small (Hungerbühler 1997, 2002).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Hungerbühler and Hunt (2000) named a second species, Mystriosuchus westphali, which they distinguished from Mystriosuchus planirostris by the greater robusticity of its skull, a massive and shorter snout, the presence of a premaxillary crest, and a possibly more differentiated dentition. Its holotype is a complete cranium (GPIT-PV -31397) from the Middle Stubensandstein (S 2) of the former “ Untere Mühle ” Quarry in Trossingen. This specimen was first reported as Belodon plieningeri by F. Huene (1911). We concur with Kimmig and Spielmann (2011) who argued that Mystriosuchus planirostris and M. westphali likely represent an example of sexual dimorphism rather than distinct species. Zeigler et al. (2003) found a similar situation in the co-occurrence of two species of “ Pseudopalatus ” (now Machaeroprosopus) in strata of the Upper Triassic (Norian) Chinle Formation exposed in the Canjilon Quarry in New Mexico. One, Machaeroprosopus buceros, has a distinct prenarial crest whereas the other, M. pristinus, lacks this feature. Zeigler et al. (2003) plausibly interpreted this difference as sexual dimorphism. Hungerbühler et al. (2013) disagreed with Kimmig and Spielmann. One of their arguments concerned the relative abundance of the two morphotypes, but their assumption of a 1: 1 sex ratio is questionable because extant crocodylians are known to show sex-biased sex ratios in some populations. The two ‘ species’ of Mystriosuchus have always been recovered as sister-taxa in phylogenetic analyses (e. g., Jones and Butler 2018).</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1911, 1922), Westphal (1963), Hungerbühler (1997, 2002), Hunt and Lucas (1989), Hunt and Hungerbühler (2000), Kimmig and Spielmann (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB5CF2E4C2EE52D5B4692E5A6AFC3686	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B6251D4C93E658FEA1E8DFB35575C853.text	B6251D4C93E658FEA1E8DFB35575C853.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neusticosaurus pusillus (E. Fraas 1881)	<div><p>Neusticosaurus pusillus (E. Fraas, 1881)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>NHMUK PV R 53, nearly complete skeleton.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Kugelberg at Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck, Stuttgart district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Hoheneck-Kalk, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>For a detailed list see Sander (1989). Sander provided a thorough description of this species based primarily on numerous excellently preserved skeletons from the Ladinian-age Cava Inferiore Beds of the Meride Limestone at Monte San Giorgio (Southern Alps of Switzerland).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: small size (total body length of up to 52 cm); skull table with parallel lateral margins; orbit proportionately small; supratemporal fossa oval; 22–24 dorsal vertebrae; atlas lacking ribs; and two carpal bones present in adults (Sander 1989).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Sander (1989) considered Neusticosaurus pygmaeus E. Fraas, 1896, based on SMNS 53932, a group of three complete and nine partial skeletons from the Hoheneck-Kalk (Fig. 12 A), a subjective junior synonym of N. pusillus .</p><p>References.</p><p>Seeley (1882), E. Fraas (1896), Sander (1989), Rieppel (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B6251D4C93E658FEA1E8DFB35575C853	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
D810BAF0A78F5F6580D1F1C033CE2378.text	D810BAF0A78F5F6580D1F1C033CE2378.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neusticosaurus Seeley 1892	<div><p>Genus Neusticosaurus Seeley, 1892</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Neusticosaurus pusillus (E. Fraas, 1881) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D810BAF0A78F5F6580D1F1C033CE2378	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
85C1B100B89456A2AC07C1A8DD68447D.text	85C1B100B89456A2AC07C1A8DD68447D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nicrosaurus kapffi (Meyer 1860)	<div><p>Nicrosaurus kapffi (Meyer, 1860)</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>SMNS 4060, poorly preserved and damaged fragment of snout in occlusion with the anterior region of both mandibular rami (Hungerbühler 1997).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Possibly Heslacher Wand quarry, Stuttgart-Heslach, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle Stubensandstein (S 2), Löwenstein Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Alaunian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Hungerbühler (1997).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: presence of at least short prenarial crest; external nares below level of skull roof; deep lateral recess on snout separating narial region from antorbital fenestra and continuing anteriorly along suture between maxilla and nasal; lacrimal with elongate depressed area between antorbital fenestra and orbit; parietal-squamosal bar depressed below skull roof; postorbital-squamosal bar thin, relatively broad and short; medial portion of postorbital squamosal bar overhanging lateral half of supratemporal fenestra; posterior process of squamosal not continuously tapering in dorsal view; suborbital opening long and at least partially slit-like; palatine visible on palatal vault in ventral view; and medial wings of palatines in contact along midline of palatal vault (Hungerbühler 1997; Fig. 16 C).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Hungerbühler and Hunt (2000) named a second species, Nicrosaurus meyeri, which they distinguished from Nicrosaurus kapffi by a slender rather than deep, crestless or partially crested rostrum, a transversely narrower supratemporal opening, a pointed rather than rounded tip of the squamosal, a proportionately longer mandibular symphysis, and moderately homodont dentition. Its holotype is SMNS 12593, a complete cranium from the Middle Stubensandstein (S 2) of the “ Weisser Steinbruch ” at Pfaffenhofen, Baden-Württemberg. As in the case of Mystriosuchus, we concur with Kimmig and Spielmann (2011) and Spielmann and Lucas (2012) that the two ‘ species’ of Nicrosaurus likely represent another example of a sexually dimorphic taxon.</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1860, 1863 b), O. Fraas (1866), Westphal (1963), Hungerbühler (1997, 2000), Hungerbühler and Hunt (2000), Kimmig and Spielmann (2011), Spielmann and Lucas (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/85C1B100B89456A2AC07C1A8DD68447D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BD9115C2C05F5CE1A28D99D5BADAF088.text	BD9115C2C05F5CE1A28D99D5BADAF088.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nicrosaurus O. Fraas 1866	<div><p>Genus Nicrosaurus O. Fraas, 1866</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Nicrosaurus kapffi (Meyer, 1860) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD9115C2C05F5CE1A28D99D5BADAF088	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
14A294CED77250CFA644CCED22B56783.text	14A294CED77250CFA644CCED22B56783.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus cristatus Hinz, Matzke & Pfretzschner 2019	<div><p>Nothosaurus cristatus Hinz, Matzke &amp; Pfretzschner, 2019</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>GPIT-PV -75067, almost complete cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, Eschenau, Vellberg, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 5, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: condylobasal length of cranium at least 38 cm; maxilla contacting postfrontal, forming posterior margin of orbit; jugal long, slender, and almost reaching orbital margin; parietals fused, with pronounced median ridge anterior to parietal foramen; and ectopterygoid with long posterior extension (Hinz et al. 2019).</p><p>References.</p><p>Hinz et al. (2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/14A294CED77250CFA644CCED22B56783	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
972FEC493EDE517DAB8F9D2543A2DF66.text	972FEC493EDE517DAB8F9D2543A2DF66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze 1970	<div><p>Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMF R 4035, incomplete cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Bodenmühle, Rotmaintal near Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Grabfeld Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Carnian: Julian-Tuvalian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 59072, partial cranium; Anatinenbank (Bönnigheim Horizon), Grabfeld Formation, Affaltrach, Obersulm municipality, Baden-Württemberg (Rieppel and Wild 1996).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: total length of skull not exceeding 14 cm; posterior (nasal) processes of premaxillae extending to level well behind posterior margin of external nares; upper temporal fenestrae broad anteriorly; elongated parietal foramen located in deep trough at two thirds of parietal; sagittal crest present behind parietal foramen; and basioccipital tubera same size as occipital condyle (Rieppel and Wild 1996).</p><p>References.</p><p>Schultze (1970), Rieppel (1994 b, 2000), Rieppel and Wild (1996).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/972FEC493EDE517DAB8F9D2543A2DF66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
92366053AB6052669ACF9BFF2C8F88DF.text	92366053AB6052669ACF9BFF2C8F88DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus giganteus Munster 1834	<div><p>Nothosaurus giganteus Münster, 1834</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>UMO BT 000685.00, skull fragments.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Oschenberg near Laineck (also known as Lainecker Berg or Lainecker Höhenzug), east of Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Ceratites flexuosus through C. compressus zones, upper part of Trochitenkalk Formation and lower part of Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Referred material (from Germany).</p><p>See list in Rieppel and Wild (1996). Referred specimens include the holotypes for N. aduncidens Meyer, 1853 (SMNS 4200), N. angustifrons Meyer &amp; Plieninger, 1844 (SMNS 51972), N. baruthicus Geissler, 1895 (SMF R 475), N. chelydrops E. Fraas, 1896 (SMNS 7162), and Opeosaurus suevicus Meyer, 1855 (SMNS 4141).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: adult condylobasal length of cranium up to 75 cm; premaxillary rostrum relatively short and broad; premaxilla with four fangs, followed by distinctly smaller fifth premaxillary tooth; length to width ratio of mandibular symphysis ranging from 1.0 to 1.3; postorbital with narrow entry into posteroventral margin of orbit; and ectopterygoid flange at anterior margin of subtemporal fossa strongly developed (Rieppel and Wild 1996).</p><p>References.</p><p>Münster (1834), Meyer (1839, 1847–1855), Schultze (1970), Rieppel (2000), Rieppel and Wild (1996), Hinz et al. (2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/92366053AB6052669ACF9BFF2C8F88DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
7281A554165D52529D23DB564E080FDF.text	7281A554165D52529D23DB564E080FDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus jagisteus Rieppel 2001	<div><p>Nothosaurus jagisteus Rieppel, 2001 b</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 56618, anterior portion of partially articulated skeleton including the skull, cervical and anterior dorsal sections of the vertebral column, cervical and dorsal ribs, gastralia, pectoral girdle, disarticulated forelimbs, and right pubis (Fig. 8 A).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Quarry of Schotterwerke Hohenlohe-Bauland, Berlichingen, Hohenlohe district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Künzelsau Subformation, Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Group. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Fassanian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: jugal splint-like, not entering orbital margin; anterior end of jugal anterior to level of posterior margin of orbit; maxilla and postorbital in contact behind jugal; squamosal extending anteriorly to level of posterior orbital margin but separated from maxilla by postorbital; four fangs in each dentary within mandibular symphysis; retroarticular process elongate, with distinct ventrolateral facet for insertion of superficial pterygoideus muscle; ‘ saw-cut’ rugosities on apices of cervical and anterior dorsal neural spines; and dorsal neural spines of intermediate height (Rieppel 2001 b).</p><p>References.</p><p>Rieppel (2001 b), Hinz et al. (2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7281A554165D52529D23DB564E080FDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C25538676F375E28B9D6218FFAB8E610.text	C25538676F375E28B9D6218FFAB8E610.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus juvenilis Edinger 1921	<div><p>“ Nothosaurus ” juvenilis Edinger, 1921</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>GIUH König Collection K.8698-1, incomplete cranium (Rieppel 1994).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Nusslocher Zementbruch, Wiesloch near Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Trochitenkalk Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Group. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: condylobasal length of cranium 12.6 cm; orbit relatively large; postorbital arches relatively narrow; pterygoids closely approaching internal narial openings; paroccipital processes extending posterolaterally, with posterior displacement of craniomandibular articulation to level well behind occipital condyle; and occiput deeply concave (Rieppel and Wild 1996).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Edinger (1921) only used the new binomen in a figure legend but provided no additional information. The phylogenetic analysis by Lin et al. (2017) found “ Nothosaurus ” juvenilis at the base of a clade comprising all species assigned to Lariosaurus and including two other taxa previously referred to Nothosaurus including N. juvenilis . Given the polyphyly of “ Nothosaurus ” suggested by these authors, their hypothesis requires testing through a modern revision of all known nothosaurid eosauropterygians.</p><p>References.</p><p>Edinger (1921), Schultze (1970), Rieppel (1994 b, 2000), Rieppel and Wild (1996), Lin et al. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C25538676F375E28B9D6218FFAB8E610	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
60CD734A654E5CEAAC1B20968889F98F.text	60CD734A654E5CEAAC1B20968889F98F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus marchicus Koken 1893	<div><p>Nothosaurus marchicus Koken, 1893</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB. R. 2, counterpart of (now lost) limestone slab exposing the dorsal surface of an incomplete cranium.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Rüdersdorf near Berlin, Brandenburg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Orbicularis Beds, Karlstadt Formation, Middle Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Rieppel and Wild (1996).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: condylobasal length of cranium not exceeding 20 cm in adult; rostrum relatively short and broad, rounded; five fangs in each premaxilla, with fifth slightly smaller than preceding fangs; five small maxillary teeth preceding paired maxillary fangs; external nares relatively short, broad, and kidney-shaped; nasals broad, leaf-shaped, and with radiating ornamentation; postfrontal with distinct postorbital constriction; squamosal closely approaching or contacting posterior end of jugal; quadratojugal absent; and ectopterygoid reaching far forward up to half length of palatine (Rieppel and Wild 1996).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Rieppel (2000) listed the following species named by Schroeder (1914) (with holotypes at MB) from Rüdersdorf as subjective junior synonyms of Nothosaurus marchicus: N. crassus Schroeder, 1914 (MB. R. 3), N. oldenburgi Schroeder, 1914 (MB. R. 1), N. procerus Schroeder, 1914 MB. R. 4), N. procerus var. parvus Schroeder, 1914 (MB. R. 5), and N. raabi Schroeder, 1914 (MB. R. 27, partial skeleton).</p><p>Schultze (1970) resurrected Nothosaurus venustus Münster, 1834 as a valid species. The holotype, an incomplete, poorly preserved cranium from Esperstädt (Thuringia), is presumed lost (Rieppel and Wild 1996). A second skull (SMF R 4537 a, b), from the Karlstadt Formation of Oberdorla (Thuringia), closely resembles the holotype of Nothosaurus procerus (Rieppel 2000) . Rieppel (2000) considered N. venustus a nomen dubium.</p><p>Rieppel and Wild (1996) reidentified Conchiosaurus clavatus Meyer, 1834, based on a partial cranium (SNSB-BSPG AS I 1446) from the Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup of Esperstädt, as Nothosaurus cf. N. marchicus .</p><p>References.</p><p>Koken (1893), Schroeder (1914), Schultze (1970), Rieppel and Wild (1996), Voeten et al. (2019), Rieppel (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/60CD734A654E5CEAAC1B20968889F98F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
ABC222D8B8EA5683BD0C395376E5FF5C.text	ABC222D8B8EA5683BD0C395376E5FF5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus mirabilis Munster 1834	<div><p>Nothosaurus mirabilis Münster, 1834</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>UMO BT 001000.00, partial postcranial skeleton (N. Klein et al. 2022).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Oschenberg near Laineck (also known as Lainecker Berg or Lainecker Höhenzug), east of Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Ceratites flexuosus through C. compressus zones, upper part of Trochitenkalk Formation and lower part of Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Geyer and Friedlein (2020) considered the Muschelkalk deposits exposed in the region of the Lainecker Höhenzug a distinct unit of marginal marine strata, which they refer to as Eschenbach Formation. The subformation that has yielded the holotype was named Eschenbach Formation 5. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Referred material (from Germany).</p><p>See list in Rieppel and Wild (1996) and N. Klein et al. (2022). This material includes the holotype of N. bergeri Meyer, 1855 (GZG.V.756-1) and the syntypes of N. muensteri Meyer, 1839 (Rieppel 2002). Rieppel (1993) also reidentified Elmosaurus lelmensis F. Huene, 1957 as Nothosaurus cf. N. mirabilis . The holotype of the former (SMNS 59077) was collected from the Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup of Lelm near Braunschweig, Lower Saxony.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: adult condylobasal length of cranium of up to 46 cm; rostrum long and slender with parallel lateral edges (Fig. 7 C, D); length-to-width ratio of mandibular symphysis ranging from 1.5 to 1.7; premaxilla with five fangs; four small maxillary teeth preceding paired maxillary fangs; rostral constriction of snout weakly expressed; external nares long and slender; supratemporal fenestra elongated, with constricted anterior corner and with maxillary tooth row extending posteriorly to a level below its midpoint; and tall neural spines on dorsal vertebrae (Rieppel 2000). N. Klein et al. (2022) further characterized N. mirabilis by the following postcranial features: prominent zygantrum-zygosphene articulations connecting neural spines of dorsal vertebrae; large intercentral spaces between cervical and anterior dorsal centra; humerus flat, with broad shaft; humerus with prominent edge at beginning of proximal margin of postaxial shaft and thin but broad crest forming preaxial half; ulna flat; humerus / femur ratio 1.12;, ilium without distinct offset of iliac blade; ischium symmetrical; pubis with weakly developed prepubic process and slit-like obturator foramen; and femur straight.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>As traditionally classified, Nothosaurus comprises several species in the German Triassic. However, the phylogenetic analyses by Lin et al. (2017) and Hinz et al. (2019), which also includes species from other regions, found that the genus is not monophyletic.</p><p>References.</p><p>Münster (1834), Meyer (1839, 1847–1855), Giebel (1847), F. Huene (1957), Schultze (1970), Rieppel (1993, 2000), Rieppel and Wild (1996), Lin et al. (2017), Hinz et al. (2019), N. Klein et al. (2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ABC222D8B8EA5683BD0C395376E5FF5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B23CF2D90CDD5E92B9642C296B016773.text	B23CF2D90CDD5E92B9642C296B016773.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nothosaurus Munster 1834	<div><p>Genus Nothosaurus Münster, 1834</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Nothosaurus mirabilis Münster, 1834 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B23CF2D90CDD5E92B9642C296B016773	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
D5249D48E1EC5D96B6373563ED9EB731.text	D5249D48E1EC5D96B6373563ED9EB731.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Omphalosaurus Merriam 1906	<div><p>Genus Omphalosaurus Merriam, 1906</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Omphalosaurus nevadanus Merriam, 1906 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D5249D48E1EC5D96B6373563ED9EB731	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BA753DE301795FEEAFF9CE941F6539BB.text	BA753DE301795FEEAFF9CE941F6539BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Omphalosaurus Merriam 1906	<div><p>Omphalosaurus cf. O. nevadanus Merriam, 1906</p><p>Material.</p><p>MBG 1500, partial skeleton comprising a largely complete but disarticulated skull, poorly preserved cervical and dorsal vertebrae, dorsal ribs, and an unidentified bone initially interpreted as a humerus (Tichy 1995; Sander and Faber 1998).</p><p>Locality.</p><p>Dürrnberg Mountain, south of Salzburg, Bavarian Alps.</p><p>Horizon.</p><p>Lercheck Kalkstein Formation. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Fassanian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished from other ichthyopterygians in the following features: teeth forming irregular pavement; tooth crowns irregular in shape; and enamel surface with orange-peel-like pitting.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Tichy (1995) originally designated MBG 1500 as the holotype of a new species Omphalosaurus wolfi (Sander and Faber 1998) . Subsequently, Sander and Faber (2003) argued that the purported differences between it and Omphalosaurus nevadanus do not exist. As neither the material from Nevada nor that from Bavaria is well-preserved, Sander and Faber (2003) employed open nomenclature for the specimen from the Bavarian Alps.</p><p>The phylogenetic position of Omphalosaurus remained contentious for many years (e. g., Motani 2000). Sander and Faber (2003) argued that Omphalosaurus was a highly specialized, possibly grippidian ichthyopterygian with a crushing dentition. Most recently, Qiao et al. (2022) demonstrated the close relationship between Omphalosaurus and two Early Triassic durophagous ichthyosauriforms from Anhui (China), Cartorhynchus lenticarpus and Sclerocormus parviceps .</p><p>References.</p><p>Tichy (1995), Sander and Faber (1998, 2003), Motani (2000), Qiao et al. (2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA753DE301795FEEAFF9CE941F6539BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
2F946D1AD65C5F5AA4258EA9E6CA3A83.text	2F946D1AD65C5F5AA4258EA9E6CA3A83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachystropheus E. Huene 1935	<div><p>Genus Pachystropheus E. Huene, 1935</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Pachystropheus rhaeticus E. Huene, 1935 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2F946D1AD65C5F5AA4258EA9E6CA3A83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B3DCE4C5BED658C28780BD90AEEBB644.text	B3DCE4C5BED658C28780BD90AEEBB644.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachystropheus rhaeticus E. Huene 1935	<div><p>Pachystropheus rhaeticus E. Huene, 1935</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>NMHUK R 747, associated vertebrae from all regions of the vertebral column, ribs, both ilia, left femur, and probably a fibula. According to Quinn et al. (2024), these bones probably represent more than one individual.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Blue Anchor Bay, Somerset, England.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Westbury Formation, Penarth Group. Age: Late Triassic (Rhaetian).</p><p>Referred material (from Germany).</p><p>Numerous isolated vertebrae, ribs, appendicular bones and cranial elements from the Rhaetian bonebed 2 in the Contorta beds of the Exter Formation exposed in a claypit at Warburg-Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia (Sander et al. 2016).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: dorsal neural spines nearly square-shaped in lateral view with crenulations extending dorsoventrally from transversely expanded tips; caudal vertebrae with elongate, slender, and vertically oriented neural spines; posterior process of interclavicle thin and elongate; humerus with relatively little torsion of articular ends; radius roughly dumbbell-shaped; and medial and lateral surfaces of the mid- and upper parts of the ilium strongly striated (Quinn et al. 2024).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>E. Huene (1935) originally interpreted Pachystropheus rhaeticus as an early choristoderan. Storrs et al. (1996) referred additional material from British Rhaetian bonebeds to P. rhaeticus and considered it a probable choristoderan (see also Storrs and Gower 1993). Most recently, Quinn et al. (2024) published a reassessment of the skeletal structure of this taxon including data from CT-scans of the holotype. Their phylogenetic analysis recovered Pachystropheus rhaeticus as a thalattosaurian rather than a choristoderan.</p><p>References.</p><p>E. Huene (1935), Storrs and Gower (1993), Storrs et al. (1996), Quinn et al. (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B3DCE4C5BED658C28780BD90AEEBB644	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
1A406B9AD1C15CFD88BE6584811478FA.text	1A406B9AD1C15CFD88BE6584811478FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pappochelys rosinae Schoch & Sues 2015	<div><p>Pappochelys rosinae Schoch &amp; Sues, 2015</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91360, incomplete, partially articulated postcranial skeleton comprising the nearly complete caudal vertebral series (except for the distal end of the tail), right ilium and pubis, right femur and tibia, partial pes, two sacral and eight dorsal vertebrae, dorsal ribs, gastralia, seven cervical vertebrae (including the atlas but not the axis), and various cranial elements (Fig. 10 A). The somewhat scattered remains are exposed on a larger block and several smaller ones, one of which preserves two dissociated cervical vertebrae.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, near Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 90013, formally designated by Schoch and Sues (2015) as the paratype, complements the holotype in preserving much of the skull. It comprises the remains of a disarticulated skeleton of a juvenile individual: much of skull roof exposed in ventral view, part of left humerus, possibly right femur, dorsal vertebrae, several dorsal ribs, gastralia, and bones of the carpus and manus. Schoch and Sues (2018 a) provided a detailed inventory of other referred specimens.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Diagnosed by the following combination of features: skull proportionately small; parietal broad transversely, with distinct occipital flange and without parietal foramen; frontal narrow transversely; marginal teeth small, peg-like; diastema at contact between premaxilla and maxilla; parietal and squamosal framing much of supratemporal fenestra; jugal with long, slender anterior process and very short posterior process; infratemporal fenestra wide open ventrally; dorsal ribs anteroposteriorly broad, T-shaped in cross-section, and with distinct sculpturing of ridges and grooves on dorsal surface; gastralia paired, robust, with ridged external surfaces and frequently with spike-like lateral projections; apparently serial partial fusion of some gastralia; tail slender, comprising some 50 % of total length; scapula with tall, slender dorsal process and rounded ‘ acromial’ flange; humerus with two distal condyles for articulation with radius and ulna; ilium with long postacetabular and without preacetabular process; pubis with distinct lateral (pectineal) process; and femur with sigmoidal curvature (Schoch and Sues 2018 b).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Pappochelys rosinae is the earliest known undisputed stem-turtle. Schoch and Sues (2018 a) and Schoch et al. (2019) presented a detailed description of the material known at the time. Lyson and Bever (2020) supported the phylogenetic position of Pappochelys as a stem-turtle.</p><p>References.</p><p>Schoch and Sues (2015, 2018 a), Schoch et al. (2019), Lyson and Bever (2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A406B9AD1C15CFD88BE6584811478FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
971B20919A5A5B90A0845493CBE5250A.text	971B20919A5A5B90A0845493CBE5250A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pappochelys Schoch & Sues 2015	<div><p>Genus Pappochelys Schoch &amp; Sues, 2015</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Pappochelys rosinae Schoch &amp; Sues, 2015 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/971B20919A5A5B90A0845493CBE5250A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
782A50D45E1256879554C40264EB2F80.text	782A50D45E1256879554C40264EB2F80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasuchus angustifrons (Kuhn 1936)	<div><p>Parasuchus angustifrons (Kuhn, 1936)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SNSB-BSPG 1931 X 502, partial cranium lacking the anterior ends of the premaxillae and all its teeth (Fig. 15 B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former quarry at Ebrach, Bamberg district, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Bed 9, Blasensandstein (equivalent of Hassberge Formation), Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Carnian: Tuvalian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following autapomorphies: stepped lateral rim of external narial fenestra strongly swollen and rugose at posterior end; anterior portions of nasals (immediately posterior to external nares) and anterior portions of frontals with paired depressions; foramen in ectopterygoid enlarged and subcircular; suborbital foramen long and boomerang-shaped; and postparietal foramen at junction between parietals and supraoccipital (Butler et al. 2014).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Kuhn (1933) proposed the genus Francosuchus for the reception of Francosuchus latus and F. broilii, both based on incomplete crania from Bed 13 of the Blasensandstein in the Ebrach quarry. Both holotypes were housed at SNSB-BSPG and destroyed during World War II. Butler et al. (2014) considered both taxa nomina dubia. Kuhn (1936) described a third species Francosuchus angustifrons based on an incomplete cranium from Bed 9 of Blasensandstein at Ebrach. The latter (SNSB-BSPG 1931 X 502) survived the war and was redescribed by Butler et al. (2014).</p><p>Gregory (1962) noted the close resemblance between Francosuchus angustifrons and Paleorhinus bransoni Williston, 1904 from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Popo Agie Formation of Wyoming and treated the former as a subgenus of the latter, referring to the phytosaur from Ebrach as Paleorhinus (Francosuchus) broilii . Kammerer et al. (2016) argued that Paleorhinus was a subjective junior synonym of Parasuchus Lydekker, 1885, which was originally reported from the Carnian-age Maleri Formation of India. Thus, the correct binomen for the Ebrach parasuchid is Parasuchus angustifrons (Kuhn, 1933) .</p><p>The phylogenetic analysis by Kammerer et al. (2016) recovered Parasuchus angustifrons as the sister-taxon of P. hislopi Lydekker, 1885, from the Maleri Formation of India. Parasuchus bransoni (Williston, 1904), from the Popo Agie Formation of Wyoming and the Dockum Group of Texas, U. S. A., was found as the sister-taxon to the clade P. angustifrons + P. indicus .</p><p>References.</p><p>Kuhn (1933, 1936), Gregory (1962), Butler et al. (2014), Kammerer et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/782A50D45E1256879554C40264EB2F80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
7E2A453C73385E4FBB762FA2DFE22F4B.text	7E2A453C73385E4FBB762FA2DFE22F4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasuchus Lydekker 1885	<div><p>Genus Parasuchus Lydekker, 1885</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Parasuchus hislopi Lydekker, 1885 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E2A453C73385E4FBB762FA2DFE22F4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
A69C9460AE3D542CA957CD2E58B4BD59.text	A69C9460AE3D542CA957CD2E58B4BD59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratypothorax andressorum Long & Ballew 1985	<div><p>Paratypothorax andressorum Long &amp; Ballew, 1985</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 5721, postcranial elements of a single large individual comprising 22 left paramedian osteoderms, 15 right paramedian osteoderms (Fig. 17 B), 11 lateral osteoderms, an ischium, and a tibia. Long and Ballew (1985) identified a left dorsal paramedian osteoderm from this specimen as the holotype, but this ignores the fact that this element is part of a more complete set of skeletal elements.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former quarry at Heslacher Wand, Stuttgart-Heslach, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Lower Stubensandstein (S 1), Löwenstein Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian).</p><p>Referred material (from Germany only).</p><p>Parker (2016) provides a list of specimens. We add the following material: SMNS 19003, complete articulated skeleton including skull (Fig. 17 C). Body length: 2.12 m. Lower Stubensandstein (S 1), Schlipf Quarry at Köchersberg, Murrhardt, Baden-Württemberg (Figs 10 C, 11 C). SMNS 51437, an osteoderm from the Lower Stubensandstein (S 1) of the Busch quarry, Gerlingen. SMNS 59750 (cast of unnumbered original in Tu ̈ bingen), a lateral osteoderm from a quarry near Kayh, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following autapomorphies: deep notch between premaxilla and maxilla; supratemporal fenestra triangular and with rounded edges; nuchal osteoderms narrow transversely and oval, much smaller than those of first paramedian dorsal row; and paramedian osteoderms very wide transversely (Schoch and Desojo 2016).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The osteoderms of SMNS 5721 were long interpreted as parts of the dorsal dermal armor of phytosaurs, specifically Nicrosaurus kapffi (Meyer 1861; Westphal 1963). Long and Ballew (1985) first recognized their stagonolepidid affinities. These authors also identified various osteoderms from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Cooper Canyon Formation of Texas as Paratypothorax sp. Based on the close similarities in cranial structure, Schoch and Desojo (2016) suggested that Paratypothorax andressorum possibly represents the fully grown adult ontogenetic stage of Aetosaurus ferratus . However, due to a considerable gap between the known sizes and current lack of synapomorphies, this intriguing idea remains to be tested by future discoveries.</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1861), Westphal (1963), Long and Ballew (1985), Parker (2016), Schoch and Desojo (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A69C9460AE3D542CA957CD2E58B4BD59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
7C8850468B7D52D4962AB09B16BE3BB9.text	7C8850468B7D52D4962AB09B16BE3BB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratypothorax Long & Ballew 1985	<div><p>Genus Paratypothorax Long &amp; Ballew, 1985</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Paratypothorax andressorum Long &amp; Ballew, 1985 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C8850468B7D52D4962AB09B16BE3BB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B45526BEAEF9559DAADA53BD8A835B6B.text	B45526BEAEF9559DAADA53BD8A835B6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parvosaurus Freisem, Muller, Sues & Sobral 2024	<div><p>Genus Parvosaurus Freisem, Müller, Sues &amp; Sobral, 2024</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Parvosaurus harudensis Freisem, Müller, Sues &amp; Sobral, 2024.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B45526BEAEF9559DAADA53BD8A835B6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
78FA3B9F0B0A5441A36768643CA66347.text	78FA3B9F0B0A5441A36768643CA66347.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parvosaurus harudensis Freisem, Muller, Sues & Sobral 2024	<div><p>Parvosaurus harudensis Freisem, Müller, Sues &amp; Sobral, 2024</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB. R. 4520.2, incomplete skull, concealed in a block of matrix, which is part of the holotype of Elachistosuchus huenei . It preserves most of the dermal skull roof, a partial palate, and a left dentary (Fig. 14 D). The braincase is present but not well enough preserved to distinguish between individual elements.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Baerecke-Limpricht brick-clay pit along the present-day highway B 79 between Halberstadt and Quedlinburg near Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Arnstadt Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: premaxilla with long ascending process reaching almost to a third of anteroposterior length of nasal; maxilla with long posterior process reaching up to middle of jugal body; dentary with prominent coronoid process; nasal rectangular in outline; postfrontal with well-developed posterior process extending beyond frontoparietal suture posteriorly; elongate parietal foramen bounded only by parietals; posterior border of parietals strongly embayed, with posterolateral processes enclosing angle of 110 °; posterior process of postorbital at least twice as long as ventral process; medial process of postorbital underlapping lateral process of postfrontal; parietal and postorbital forming most of margin of supratemporal fenestra; maxillary teeth small, pin-like anteriorly and taller and conical posteriorly; heights of posterior two maxillary teeth about one third heights of anterior teeth; and ectopterygoid articulating with jugal but not maxilla (Freisem et al. 2024)</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The holotype was discovered during µCT-scanning of one of the blocks containing the holotype of Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 (MB. R. 4520.2). The phylogenetic analysis by Freisem et al. (2024) recovered Parvosaurus harudensis as an early-diverging sphenodontian slightly more crownward than Diphydontosaurus avonis from Late Triassic cave fillings in southwestern England (Whiteside 1986).</p><p>References.</p><p>Freisem et al. (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/78FA3B9F0B0A5441A36768643CA66347	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
2431889BFC3F53A1827A62C2611F8C12.text	2431889BFC3F53A1827A62C2611F8C12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phalarodon atavus (Quenstedt)	<div><p>Phalarodon atavus (Quenstedt, 1851 –1852)</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>GPIT-PV -60575, cranial fragment with almost complete left maxilla, lacrimal, and incomplete prefrontal (Maisch and Matzke 2001).</p><p>Lectotype locality.</p><p>Calw-Althengstett, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Lectotype horizon.</p><p>Dornstetten Subformation, Freudenstadt Formation, Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Bithynian-Pelsonian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Maisch and Matzke (2001). F. Huene (1916) first published an incomplete cranium (SMNS 15378) from the Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup near Simmozheim in the Calw district, Baden-Württemberg. Edinger (1935 b) described a well-preserved partial cranium (MB. R. 2325; Fig. 9 B) from an unspecified horizon of the Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup at Rüdersdorf near Berlin, Brandenburg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: most large and fully developed teeth with deep groove on roots; dental groove absent along entire tooth-bearing jaw margin; dentition homodont, with conical teeth; ventral margin of scapula straight; and metacarpal V larger than distal carpal 4 (Maisch and Matzke 2000; Liu et al. 2013). The cranium of Phalarodon atavus also has a particularly prominent sagittal crest (Motani 1999 b; Maisch and Matzke 2001; Fig. 9 B).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Maisch and Matzke (1998) considered the type material of “ Ichthyosaurus ” atavus inadequate for taxonomic purposes but later (Maisch and Matzke 2001) selected GPIT-PV -60575 as the lectotype. F. Huene (1916) classified “ Ichthyosaurus ” atavus as a species of Mixosaurus . Maisch and Matzke (1998) noted distinct differences in the dentition between Mixosaurus cornalianus and “ Ichthyosaurus ” atavus and proposed a new genus Contectopalatus for the reception of the latter. Motani (1999 b) and various recent authors have treated Contectopalatus as a subjective junior synonym of Mixosaurus . We follow Jiang et al. (2016) in referring “ Ichthyosaurus ” atavus to Phalarodon . Liu et al. (2013) described a nearly complete skeleton including the skull from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) upper Member of the Guanling Formation of Yunnan (China) and referred it to Phalarodon atavus .</p><p>References.</p><p>Quenstedt (1851–1852), F. Huene (1916), Edinger (1935), Maisch and Matzke (1998, 2001), Motani (1999 b), Jiang et al. (2006), Liu et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2431889BFC3F53A1827A62C2611F8C12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
57BAC509C7BF5F9A9090A9D22725E1F0.text	57BAC509C7BF5F9A9090A9D22725E1F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phalarodon Merriam 1910	<div><p>Genus Phalarodon Merriam, 1910</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Phalaradon fraasi Merriam, 1910 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/57BAC509C7BF5F9A9090A9D22725E1F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
4456C1C824235363B312E91AB355ABBE.text	4456C1C824235363B312E91AB355ABBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phantomosaurus Maisch & Matzke 2000	<div><p>Genus Phantomosaurus Maisch &amp; Matzke, 2000</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Phantomosaurus neubigi (Sander, 1997) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4456C1C824235363B312E91AB355ABBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
685D7940BAC75A749C82E0DBEF3D3669.text	685D7940BAC75A749C82E0DBEF3D3669.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phantomosaurus neubigi (Sander 1997)	<div><p>Phantomosaurus neubigi (Sander, 1997)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SNSB-BSPG 1992 I 39, poorly preserved and disarticulated partial skeleton.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Karlstadt am Main, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Trochitenkalk Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Middle Triassic: Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: basioccipital condyle saddle-shaped; paired postparietals dorsal to supraoccipital; retroarticular process slender; and centra of anterior vertebrae with ventral keels (McGowan and Motani 2003).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This taxon was originally identified as Shastasaurus neubigi by Sander (1997). Motani (1999 a) noted that it lacks shastasaurine apomorphies. Moon (2019) hypothesized that it is possibly related to Cymbospondylus but noted that its phylogenetic position among Merriamosauria remains poorly resolved.</p><p>References.</p><p>Sander (1997), Motani (1999 a), Maisch and Matzke (2000, 2006), McGowan and Motani (2003), Moon (2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/685D7940BAC75A749C82E0DBEF3D3669	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
ED6DCD73A6E8527790DEED6020BB65FD.text	ED6DCD73A6E8527790DEED6020BB65FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pistosaurus longaevus Meyer 1839	<div><p>Pistosaurus longaevus Meyer, 1839</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>UMO BT 000015.00, cranium lacking anterior end of snout (Fig. 9 A).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Laineck (also known as Lainecker Berg or Lainecker Höhenzug) east of Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Ceratites flexuosus through C. compressus zones, upper part of Trochitenkalk Formation and lower part of Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Geyer and Friedlein (2020) considered the Muschelkalk deposits exposed in the region of the Lainecker Höhenzug a distinct unit of marginal marine strata, which they refer to as Eschenbach Formation. The subformation that has yielded the holotype is named Eschenbach Formation 5. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Geissler (1895) described an incomplete but originally largely articulated postcranial skeleton (SMF R 4041) and gave it the “ preliminary ” name Nothosaurus strunzi . F. Huene (1948) and E. Huene (1949) first assigned this specimen to Pistosaurus longaevus and Sues (1987) and Diedrich (2013) redescribed it in detail. A second, more complete cranium described and illustrated by Meyer (1847–1855) can no longer be located. Diedrich (2013) assigned additional isolated postcranial bones from other localities in the Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup to Pistosaurus longaevus .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of cranial features: maxillary tooth row not extending beyond posterior orbital margin; nasal splint-like; frontal participating in anterior margin of supratemporal fossa and in postorbital bar; frontals and parietals fused posteriorly; postorbital extending far posteriorly in supratemporal bar; and epipterygoid narrow dorsally (Rieppel 2000).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>In addition to P. longaevus Meyer, 1839, Meyer (1847–1855) used the species name P. grandaevus in his monograph. The latter name is cited in both the summary and the figure legend for pl. 21, figs 1–3, which illustrate the now lost second cranium of Pistosaurus . The description of this specimen, however, is provided in the section on Pistosaurus longaevus (p. 23). In his summary, Meyer wrote: “ Ein anderes Macrotrachelen-Genus hatten wir im Pistosaurus erkannt, von dem nur eine Species, P. grandaevus, der Muschelkalk von Bayreuth geliefert hat … ” (p. 162). Obviously, he used the two species names interchangeably, but P. longaevus has clear page priority.</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1839, 1847–1855), Geissler (1895), Edinger (1935 a), F. Huene (1948), E. Huene (1949), Sues (1987), Rieppel (1994, 1999, 2000), Diedrich (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED6DCD73A6E8527790DEED6020BB65FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
60A4643B4D515BE082CFE76627813756.text	60A4643B4D515BE082CFE76627813756.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pistosaurus Meyer 1839	<div><p>Genus Pistosaurus Meyer, 1839</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Pistosaurus longaevus Meyer, 1839 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/60A4643B4D515BE082CFE76627813756	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
8F41B6CE866B5930B9AFF5689F2FD810.text	8F41B6CE866B5930B9AFF5689F2FD810.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Placodus Agassiz 1833	<div><p>Genus Placodus Agassiz, 1833</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Placodus gigas Agassiz, 1833 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F41B6CE866B5930B9AFF5689F2FD810	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C8995A38E06859BB922C47058AC209AB.text	C8995A38E06859BB922C47058AC209AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Placodus gigas Agassiz 1833	<div><p>Placodus gigas Agassiz, 1833</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1208, partial skull (Fig. 6 A, B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Ochsenberg near Laineck (also known as Lainecker Berg or Lainecker Höhenzug), east of Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Ceratites flexuosus through C. compressus Zones, upper part of Trochitenkalk Formation and lower part of Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian). Geyer and Friedlein (2020) considered the Muschelkalk deposits exposed in the region of the Lainecker Höhenzug a distinct unit of marginal marine strata, which they refer to as Eschenbach Formation. They named the subformation that has yielded the holotypes of Placodus gigas and several other taxa of Muschelkalk reptiles (see below) Eschenbach Formation 5.</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Rieppel (1995). A particularly important specimen of Placodus gigas (SMF R 1035) preserves an incomplete skull and much of the postcranial skeleton (Drevermann 1933).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: Rostrum spatulate; three enlarged, strongly procumbent premaxillary teeth separated from maxillary teeth by diastema; three transversally expanded palatine tooth plates; nasals, frontals, and parietals fused in adults; jugal extending anteriorly beyond level of anterior orbital margin; prefrontal and postfrontal in contact dorsal to orbit; pterygoid restricted to posterior position on dermal palate; basioccipital tubera in complex ventral relation to dermal palate; ‘ alisphenoid bridge’ underlying olfactory tracts; coronoid process of dentary large; lateral exposure of coronoid bone restricted; mandibular symphysis elongate, formed by dentaries and splenials; neural arches of dorsal vertebrae with elongate transverse processes and hyposphene-hypantrum accessory articulations; neural canal high dorsoventrally and rectangular in cross-section; coracoid small; thyroid fenestra restricted; and humerus expanded distally, without entepicondylar foramen absent (Rieppel 1995).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Following the systematic revision by Rieppel (1995), Placodus is now restricted to the type-species Placodus gigas . Rieppel also synonymized Anomosaurus strunzi F. Huene, 1905 c, based on vertebrae from various Muschelkalk strata and localities, with Placodus gigas . F. Huene (1902) already used the generic nomen Anomosaurus without a species name.</p><p>References.</p><p>Agassiz (1833), F. Huene (1902, 1905 c, 1933), Broili (1912), Edinger (1925), Drevermann (1933), Rieppel (1995), Nosotti and Rieppel (2002), Neenan et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C8995A38E06859BB922C47058AC209AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
A0685C4E9E96532CA8DE5DFCC7609F3F.text	A0685C4E9E96532CA8DE5DFCC7609F3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plateosaurus gracilis (F. Huene 1908)	<div><p>Plateosaurus gracilis (F. Huene, 1908)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 5717, two dorsal vertebrae, sacrum with right ilium, nearly complete tail back to caudal 44 (partly with attached hemal arches), left scapula, pelvis, left femur, proximal end of fibula, and phalanges.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Stuttgart-Heslach, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Lower Stubensandstein (S 1), Löwenstein Formation (equivalent of Arnstadt Formation in the basin), Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Regalado Fernández et al. (2023) provided a detailed inventory of specimens referred to this taxon currently housed at GPIT.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the combination of the following features: external narial fenestra rounded; length of base of proximal caudal neural spines greater than half of length of neural arch; proximal width of metacarpal I less than 65 % of length; and distal ends of metacarpals II and III subrectangular in distal view (Schaeffer 2024).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene (1908) placed this species in a separate genus Sellosaurus . F. Huene (1932) and Yates (2003) synonymized Sellosaurus with Plateosaurus . Yates diagnosed the species gracilis by a single autapomorphy, paired sharp-rimmed fossae immediately behind the basal tubera on the basioccipital. We follow Yates (2003) and Regalado Fernández et al. (2023) in synonymizing Sellosaurus with Plateosaurus .</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1905 b, 1907–1908, 1932 b), Galton (2001 a, b), Yates (2003), Schaeffer (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0685C4E9E96532CA8DE5DFCC7609F3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
CAA5E068B9E255D7854D6BC487FB9E4E.text	CAA5E068B9E255D7854D6BC487FB9E4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plateosaurus longiceps Jaekel 1913	<div><p>Plateosaurus longiceps Jaekel, 1913</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB. R. 1937 (‘ Skelett XXIV’), complete skull. The skull was originally associated with various vertebrae and bones of the appendicular skeleton, which can no longer be located (Galton 2001 a, b).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Baerecke-Limpricht brick-clay pit along the present-day highway B 79 between Halberstadt and Quedlinburg near Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Top of Arnstadt Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Sevatian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>MB houses a collection of additional skeletal remains of Plateosaurus from the Baerecke-Limpricht brick-clay pit near Halberstadt.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: diapophysis of sacral vertebra 1 forming broad sheet with semicircular outline and narrow distal half on adjacent edge of first sacral rib; diapophysis of sacral 2 extending posterolaterally and tapering gradually; femur sigmoidal; and anterior caudal centra with subparallel articular surfaces rather than wedge-shaped (Galton 2001 b). However, Schaeffer (pers. comm.) has questioned the diagnostic value of these features.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The material is stratigraphically younger than that from Trossingen, and Schaeffer (pers. comm.) noted differences in his morphometric analysis between specimens of Plateosaurus from Trossingen and Halberstadt, respectively.</p><p>References.</p><p>Jaekel (1913–1914), F. Huene (1932 b), Galton (2001 a, b), Yates (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CAA5E068B9E255D7854D6BC487FB9E4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
63992E3623C6593CA2B2156C6492848B.text	63992E3623C6593CA2B2156C6492848B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plateosaurus Meyer 1837	<div><p>Genus Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Plateosaurus trossingensis E. Fraas, 1913 (designated by ICZN, Opinion 2435, 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63992E3623C6593CA2B2156C6492848B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
326C010CF7375589BF461ACDFA6F9688.text	326C010CF7375589BF461ACDFA6F9688.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plateosaurus trossingensis E. Fraas 1913	<div><p>Plateosaurus trossingensis E. Fraas, 1913</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 13200, nearly complete skeleton with complete but slightly distorted skull (Fig. 19 B), cervical vertebrae and ribs, dorsal vertebrae and ribs, sacral vertebrae, and 39 caudal vertebrae with 28 hemal arches; both scapulae; complete right forelimb with nearly complete manus missing only phalanx 1 of digit V and only preserving distal carpal I; left radius, left metacarpal II, complete digit II of the left manus, left distal carpal 1, and first phalanx of manual digit III; both ilia, ischia, and pubes; and complete right hindlimb and nearly complete left one only missing ungual of pedal digit III (Schaeffer 2024).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Slope (“ Rutschete ”) east of Obere Mühle at Deibhalde, east of Trossingen, Tuttlingen district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>“ Untere Saurierschicht, ” Trossingen Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Sevatian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Includes more than 80 relatively complete skeletons (Schaeffer 2024) and many isolated bones. Regalado Fernández et al. (2023) provided a detailed inventory of the material housed at GPIT.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: presence of accessory lamina separating postzygapophysis from posterior ‘ chono’s (= postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa); anterior caudal vertebrae with prezygodiapohyseal laminae; deltopectoral crest occupying 30–50 % of length of humerus; metacarpals II and III with deep distal extensor pits; ischial peduncle much shorter than pubic peduncle; posterolateral process of distal end of tibia flaring laterally and backing fibula; astragalus with convex posterior margin; and ungual phalanx of pedal digit I longer than all non-terminal phalanges but shorter than metatarsal I (Schaeffer 2024 a, b; Fig. 13 A, B).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Meyer (1837) named the type species of Plateosaurus, P. engelhardti, based on postcranial bones including the lectotype UEN 552, an incomplete sacrum with three vertebrae, from the Feuerletten (Trossingen Formation) of Heroldsberg near Nürnberg, Bavaria (Moser 2003). Over time, this specimen became considered non-diagnostic. Galton (2012) successfully petitioned the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature to designate Plateosaurus trossingensis, based on the excellently preserved skeleton SMNS 13200, as the type species of Plateosaurus and to set aside P. engelhardti (ICZN Opinion 2435, 2019).</p><p>Galton (1984, 1985 b) and Prieto-Márquez and Norell (2011) have documented the structure of a fully disarticulated skull of a well-preserved skeleton (identified by the latter authors as Plateosaurus erlenbergiensis, AMNH FARB 6180) in detail. Lallensack et al. (2021) observed considerable intra- or interspecific variation in cranial features among specimens from Frick, Halberstadt, and Trossingen.</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1837), F. Huene (1926 a, 1932 b), Galton (1984, 1985 b, 2001 a, b), Yates (2003), Prieto-Márquez and Norell (2011), ICZN (2019), Lallensack et al. (2021), Schaeffer (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/326C010CF7375589BF461ACDFA6F9688	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
61F6A5F637F65E31AA609091C5A35DDB.text	61F6A5F637F65E31AA609091C5A35DDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polymorphodon adorfi Sues, Schoch, Sobral & Irmis 2020	<div><p>Polymorphodon adorfi Sues, Schoch, Sobral &amp; Irmis, 2020</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91343, disarticulated partial skeleton preserved on three blocks of mudstone. Identifiable elements include a partial left premaxilla (buried in matrix), both maxillae, left frontal, right postorbital, left jugal (buried in matrix), both quadrates, occipital portion of braincase, incomplete parabasisphenoid, partial right and nearly complete left pterygoid, fragments of possible vomers, partial dentaries, caudal vertebrae, complete left and fragment of right ilium, left? ischium, pubis, left femur, left tibia, possibly left fibula, two metatarsals, and other autopodial elements.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 91400, two blocks of mudstone preserving disarticulated skeletal remains including a left premaxilla, incomplete left maxilla, partial right jugal, partial right dentary, partial braincase, left pterygoid, and teeth.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: premaxilla with long, leaf-shaped posterodorsal process that is slightly longer than body of element and with deep lateral fossa anteroventral to external narial fenestra; five conical, gently recurved premaxillary teeth; mesial and distal carinae of labiolingually flattened maxillary and dentary tooth crowns with large, somewhat hook-shaped denticles aligned at distinct angle to apicobasal axis of tooth crown; and presence of ledge on medial surface of maxilla above interdental plates.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The phylogenetic analysis by Sues et al. (2020) found Polymorphodon adorfi among Eucrocopoda in a polytomy with Proterochampsia, Archosauria, and various other taxa. Subsequently, Ezcurra and Sues (2021) recovered it in a basal position among Proterochampsia. Unlike other known proterochampsians, Polymorphodon adorfi apparently lacked osteoderms.</p><p>References.</p><p>Sues et al. (2020), Ezcurra and Sues (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/61F6A5F637F65E31AA609091C5A35DDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
767B8FC0661154A7BF6FB8A878AA1E38.text	767B8FC0661154A7BF6FB8A878AA1E38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polymorphodon Sues, Schoch, Sobral & Irmis 2020	<div><p>Genus Polymorphodon Sues, Schoch, Sobral &amp; Irmis, 2020</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Polymorphodon adorfi Sues, Schoch, Sobral &amp; Irmis, 2020 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/767B8FC0661154A7BF6FB8A878AA1E38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
F5810343905758B093FFA3327852689E.text	F5810343905758B093FFA3327852689E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polysphenodon Jaekel 1911	<div><p>Genus Polysphenodon Jaekel, 1911</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Polysphenodon muelleri Jaekel, 1911 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F5810343905758B093FFA3327852689E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B8D11F82DD0D5C0597A0BEF5A9D10E3B.text	B8D11F82DD0D5C0597A0BEF5A9D10E3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polysphenodon muelleri Jaekel 1911	<div><p>Polysphenodon muelleri Jaekel, 1911</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB. R. 1302, gutta-percha casts and plaster molds of ‘ dorsal’ and ‘ ventral’ blocks with impressions of a partial skeleton comprising an incomplete skull, series of caudal vertebrae, and much of the left forelimb and hindlimb. The original holotype has been lost since the 1930 s (Carroll 1985).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Drill core from a borehole at 775 m depth in strata of the Middle Keuper Subgroup. Near Fallersleben (now part of the city of Wolfsburg), Lower Saxony.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>The precise stratigraphic horizon was apparently not recorded. Age: Late Triassic (Carnian or Norian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: antorbital portion of skull proportionately very short; supratemporal fenestra distinctly shorter than orbit; parietal table wider than interorbital distance; and teeth small, obtusely conical (Fraser and Benton 1989).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Jaekel (1911: fig. 159) only presented a diagrammatic reconstruction of the cranium in palatal view and labeled it “ Polysphenodon Mülleri ” in the figure legend. He never documented the fossil. F. Huene (1929), Carroll (1985), and Fraser and Benton (1989) provided descriptions of the holotype based on casts. The phylogenetic analyses by Herrera-Flores et al. (2018) and DeMar et al. (2022) found Polysphenodon muelleri as the earliest-diverging eusphenodontian.</p><p>References.</p><p>Jaekel (1911), F. Huene (1929), Carroll (1985), Fraser and Benton (1989), Herrera-Flores et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8D11F82DD0D5C0597A0BEF5A9D10E3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BC56A464311155E3895EF06FE02F4126.text	BC56A464311155E3895EF06FE02F4126.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procompsognathus E. Fraas 1913	<div><p>Genus Procompsognathus E. Fraas, 1913</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Procompsognathus triassicus E. Fraas, 1913 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC56A464311155E3895EF06FE02F4126	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
3D65E7E63D84576789D54F1295624B59.text	3D65E7E63D84576789D54F1295624B59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procompsognathus triassicus E. Fraas 1913	<div><p>Procompsognathus triassicus E. Fraas, 1913</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 12591, partial postcranial skeleton comprising 14 dorsal and 13 caudal vertebrae, rib fragments, right scapula and coracoid, left radius, ulna, and three incomplete metacarpals, parts of both pubes, left femur, fragment of left tibia, and right hindlimb (Fig. 19 C). None of the cranial material historically assigned to Procompsognathus triassicus belongs to this taxon (Sereno and Wild 1992; Spiekman 2023).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>“ Weisser Steinbruch ” near Pfaffenhofen, Heilbronn district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle Stubensandstein (S 2), Löwenstein Formation. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian-Alaunian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: sigmoidal trochanteric shelf (shared with Coelophysis bauri); preacetabular process of ilium deep dorsoventrally; prominent supraacetabular crest; and pubis flat anteroposteriorly and lacking distinct ‘ foot’ (Ostrom 1981; Sereno and Wild 1992).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Procompsognathus triassicus is closely related to Coelophysis bauri from Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) Chinle Formation of New Mexico and Segisaurus halli from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian) Navajo Sandstone of Arizona (Sereno and Wild 1992).</p><p>References.</p><p>E. Fraas (1913), F. Huene (1921 b, 1932 b), Ostrom (1981), Sereno and Wild (1992), Rauhut and Hungerbühler (2000), Spiekman (2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D65E7E63D84576789D54F1295624B59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
54C2D2251FEA570AAB65135CB7E10427.text	54C2D2251FEA570AAB65135CB7E10427.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proganochelys Baur 1887	<div><p>Genus Proganochelys Baur, 1887</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Proganochelys quenstedtii Baur, 1887 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/54C2D2251FEA570AAB65135CB7E10427	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BD2D5AF99C5952B08E750C34B0B312A9.text	BD2D5AF99C5952B08E750C34B0B312A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proganochelys quenstedtii Baur 1887	<div><p>Proganochelys quenstedtii Baur, 1887</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>GPIT-PV -30000, steinkern of shell.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Neuenhaus (= Häfner-Neuhausen), Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle or Upper Stubensandstein (S 2-4), Löwenstein Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Alaunian-Sevatian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Gaffney (1990).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following autapomorphies: basioccipital with ventral tubercle; presence of tail club formed by fused caudal osteoderms; and phalangeal formulae for manus and pes 2-2 - 2 - 2 - 2 (Gaffney 1990; Fig. 14 B). Joyce (2017) listed various features distinguishing Proganochelys quenstedtii from other known stem-turtles.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The holotype of Proganochelys quenstedtii was also designated as the holotype of Psammochelys keuperiana Quenstedt, 1889, rendering the latter binomen an objective junior synonym of the former. Jaekel (1914, 1918 a) described specimens of this species from the upper part of the Arnstadt Formation of the Baerecke-Limpricht brick-clay pit near Halberstadt (Lower Saxony) using the binomen Stegochelys dux . He subsequently changed the genus name to Triassochelys because Stegochelys was already taken (Jaekel 1918 b). Gaffney (1985, 1990) documented the osteology of Proganochelys quenstedtii in detail.</p><p>References.</p><p>Baur (1887), Quenstedt (1889), E. Fraas (1899), Jaekel (1914, 1918 a, b), Gaffney (1985, 1990), Joyce (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD2D5AF99C5952B08E750C34B0B312A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
42A36D3E892B5EFA9FB613F4DCA1601A.text	42A36D3E892B5EFA9FB613F4DCA1601A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proterochersis Fraas 1913	<div><p>Genus Proterochersis Fraas, 1913 a</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Proterochersis robusta E. Fraas, 1913 a .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/42A36D3E892B5EFA9FB613F4DCA1601A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
297157E5C33C55B7B889FD730307D361.text	297157E5C33C55B7B889FD730307D361.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proterochersis limendorsa (Szczygielski & Sulej 2016)	<div><p>Proterochersis limendorsa (Szczygielski &amp; Sulej, 2016)</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 17757, partial skeleton comprising part of the carapace, most of the plastron, pelvis, right scapulocoracoid, and portions of vertebral column associated with shell.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Rudersberg, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Lower Stubensandstein (S 1), Löwenstein Formation. Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished from Proterochersis robusta and P. porebensis (from the Keuper of Poland) by the following features: absence of supernumerary anterior marginals; presence of serrated anterior marginals; narrow dorsal contact between cervical and marginal I; anteromedially extending lateral sulcus of vertebral I; distinctly thickened bone near posterior margins of vertebrals II – IV; and cervical VIII not co-ossified with carapace (Szczygielski and Sulej 2016; Joyce 2017).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Joyce et al. (2013) identified this specimen as Proterochersis robusta . Later Joyce (2017) supported its specific distinction from Proterochersis robusta proposed by Szczygielski and Sulej (2016) but argued that there was no need for a separate genus “ Keuperotesta ” for Proterochersis limendorsa .</p><p>References.</p><p>Joyce et al. (2013), Szczygielski and Sulej (2016), Joyce (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/297157E5C33C55B7B889FD730307D361	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
CB124678825F5DB9B8B8C102D6B56390.text	CB124678825F5DB9B8B8C102D6B56390.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proterochersis robusta E. Fraas 1913	<div><p>Proterochersis robusta E. Fraas, 1913 a</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 12777, poorly preserved steinkern of shell with plastron and right portion of pelvis.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Rudersberg, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Lower Stubensandstein (S 1), Löwenstein Formation (equivalent of Arnstadt Formation), Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Szczygielski and Sulej (2016) listed 20 specimens from German localities, all but one of which are housed at SMNS.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished from Proterochersis limendorsa by the following features: absence of serrated marginals; presence of supernumerary anterior marginals; broad contact of cervical with adjacent marginals; transversely extending lateral sulcus of vertebral I; evenly thin carapacial bones; and immobile cervical VIII (Szczygielski and Sulej 2016; Fig. 14 A).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>E. Fraas (1913 a) named a second species, Proterochersis intermedia, based on a fragmentary, flattened steinkern of a partial shell (SMNS 11396) from Stuttgart-Rohracker, but Szczygielski and Sulej (2016) referred this specimen to Proterochersis robusta . Karl and Tichy (2000) proposed a new taxon, Murrhardtia staeschei, for an unnumbered CSMM specimen, which preserves most of a plastron and much of a carapace. Szczygielski and Sulej (2016) also synonymized this species with Proterochersis robusta .</p><p>Szczygielski (2021) noted that Chelytherium obscurum Meyer, 1863 is probably synonymous with Proterochersis robusta, as first suggested by Baur (1887). This taxon is based on a series of well-preserved shell fragments (NHMUK PV OR 38650 –38653) from the lower part of the Löwenstein Formation in the vicinity of Stuttgart. However, in the interest of nomenclatural stability, we retain Proterochersis robusta because this binomen has long been well-established in the literature whereas this is not the case with Chelytherium obscurum .</p><p>References.</p><p>E. Fraas (1913 a), Szczygielski and Sulej (2016), Joyce (2017), Szczygielski (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB124678825F5DB9B8B8C102D6B56390	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
A3870026AE765A5FA898409E3D55F89C.text	A3870026AE765A5FA898409E3D55F89C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psephoderma alpinum Meyer 1858	<div><p>Psephoderma alpinum Meyer, 1858</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SNSB-BSPG AS I 8, carapace.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Winkelmoos Alm, southwest of Ruhpolding, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Kössen Formation. Age: Late Triassic (late Norian-Rhaetian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features of the dermal armor: Carapace with three longitudinal ridges, one dorsomedial and two dorsolateral ones, which are composed of enlarged and distinctly keeled or tubercle-like osteoderms (Rieppel 2002 a).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Several excellently preserved specimens from the middle to upper Norian Calcare de Zorzino in northern Italy have fully documented the skeletal structure of Psephoderma alpinum (Pinna and Nosotti 1989; Renesto and Tintori 1995; Rieppel 2001 a). Broili (1921) described a small partial cranium (SNSB-BSPG 1921 I 3) from the Kössen Formation of Kothalpe at the Wendelstein in the Bavarian Alps as “ Placochelys alpis sordidae . ” Rieppel (2000) considered it likely that this specimen can be assigned to Psephoderma but treated the binomen as a nomen dubium. Pinna (1976) and Rieppel (2000) noted that a fragment of a palate (SNSB-BSPG AS I 1457) from the Kössen Formation at the Plankensteinsattel (Tegernsee) in the Bavarian Alps, which Oswald (1930) named Placochelys stoppanii, can be referred to Psephoderma .</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1858), Broili (1921), Oswald (1930), F. Huene (1936), Westphal (1975), Pinna (1976), Pinna and Nosotti (1989), Renesto and Tintori (1995), Rieppel (2000, 2001 a, 2002 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3870026AE765A5FA898409E3D55F89C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
1BA559340DA052A2A876DB40B5F89147.text	1BA559340DA052A2A876DB40B5F89147.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psephoderma Meyer 1858	<div><p>Genus Psephoderma Meyer, 1858</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Psephoderma alpinum Meyer, 1858 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1BA559340DA052A2A876DB40B5F89147	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B2047630709F5839B18DD78E1B44952C.text	B2047630709F5839B18DD78E1B44952C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psephosaurus E. Fraas 1896	<div><p>Genus Psephosaurus E. Fraas, 1896</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Psephosaurus suevicus E. Fraas, 1896 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B2047630709F5839B18DD78E1B44952C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
8571FEB06E13512CB74F308FE99B2CAE.text	8571FEB06E13512CB74F308FE99B2CAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psephosaurus suevicus E. Fraas 1896	<div><p>Psephosaurus suevicus E. Fraas, 1896</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 6693, several pieces of a poorly preserved partial carapace.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Kugelberg, Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck, Stuttgart district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Hoheneck-Kalk, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Rieppel (2002 a).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: carapace comprising large, irregular, and polygonal or rounded osteoderms that are separated by smaller, mostly pentagonal or hexagonal osteoderms (Rieppel 2002 a).</p><p>References.</p><p>E. Fraas (1896), F. Huene (1936), Rieppel (2000, 2002 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8571FEB06E13512CB74F308FE99B2CAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
77D0782DF9305A4FAFC82CEE0D0758E5.text	77D0782DF9305A4FAFC82CEE0D0758E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quasicolognathus eothen Sues, Kligman & Schoch 2022	<div><p>Quasicolognathus eothen Sues, Kligman &amp; Schoch, 2022</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 97019, cranial fragment comprising incomplete left maxilla with three teeth, left prefrontal, and mass of crushed bone possibly including palatine (Fig. 10 D).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 91315, SMNS 91428, SMNS 91429, incomplete right dentaries, each with two teeth.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: Maxilla with tall, nearly vertical dorsal process; two or three in labial / lingual view more or less triangular teeth in each maxilla and dentary; tooth crowns tapering toward apex, with distal ‘ bulge’ near base and mesial portion slightly overlapping preceding crown mesiolingually; long axes of tooth crowns aligned mesiolingually; and enamel of apical portion of tooth crown bearing apicobasal striations labially and lingually. Differs from Colognathus obscurus in absence of large, mesiodistally elongate molariform posterior tooth (Sues et al. 2022).</p><p>Comment.</p><p>The phylogenetic position of Colognathidae remains unresolved. The extensive suite of jaw fragments and teeth referred to Colognathus obscurus (Case, 1928) from the Upper Triassic of the United States has not been documented in detail to date.</p><p>References.</p><p>Sues and Schoch (2013 b), Sues et al. (2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77D0782DF9305A4FAFC82CEE0D0758E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
77AF0CAC1C1B5335BEF2F296D5B98852.text	77AF0CAC1C1B5335BEF2F296D5B98852.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quasicolognathus Sues, Kligman & Schoch 2022	<div><p>Genus Quasicolognathus Sues, Kligman &amp; Schoch, 2022</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Quasicolognathus eothen Sues, Kligman &amp; Schoch, 2022 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77AF0CAC1C1B5335BEF2F296D5B98852	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C5E852D3985257A89446A5201A9CB43C.text	C5E852D3985257A89446A5201A9CB43C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhaeticosaurus mertensi Wintrich, Hayashi, Houssaye, Nakajima & Sander 2017	<div><p>Rhaeticosaurus mertensi Wintrich, Hayashi, Houssaye, Nakajima &amp; Sander, 2017</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>LWL-MFN P 64047, partial articulated skeleton comprising occiput, mandible, partial vertebral column, left scapula and coracoid, both ilia, left ischium, left pubis, left humerus and radius, carpal, left tibia and fibula, three tarsals, and some metapodials and phalanges.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Brick clay pit # 3 of Lücking Ziegel / Beton company, 1 km north of Warburg- Bonenburg, Höxter district, North Rhine-Westphalia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Contorta beds, Exter Formation, Upper Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Rhaetian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by two autapomorphies: V-shaped neurocentral sutures on anterior and middle cervical vertebrae with sides of ‘ V’ ventrally concave and tip of ‘ V’ close to ventral margin of centrum; ulna and radius and tibia and fibula greatly foreshortened, with humerus / radius length ratio of 3.8 and femur / tibia length ratio of 4.3 (Wintrich et al. 2017 a).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Rhaeticosaurus mertensi is the first Triassic plesiosaur known from extensive skeletal remains. The initial phylogenetic analysis by Wintrich et al. (2017 a) recovered it as an early-diverging member of Pliosauridae . Puértolas-Pascual et al. (2021) found Rhaeticosaurus mertensi as the basalmost plesiosaur. The phylogenetic analysis by Sachs et al. (2024) found it in both previously cited phylogenetic positions.</p><p>Reference.</p><p>Wintrich et al. (2017 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5E852D3985257A89446A5201A9CB43C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
52E6D2A97D07518A9AF5C1CA2D618CBC.text	52E6D2A97D07518A9AF5C1CA2D618CBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhaeticosaurus Wintrich, Hayashi, Houssaye, Nakajima & Sander 2017	<div><p>Genus Rhaeticosaurus Wintrich, Hayashi, Houssaye, Nakajima &amp; Sander, 2017</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Rhaeticosaurus mertensi Wintrich, Hayashi, Houssaye, Nakajima &amp; Sander, 2017 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/52E6D2A97D07518A9AF5C1CA2D618CBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
AE14E830B31A58B79DC25C30C6F64C2E.text	AE14E830B31A58B79DC25C30C6F64C2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ruehleia bedheimensis Galton 2001	<div><p>Ruehleia bedheimensis Galton, 2001 a</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB. R. 4718 (‘ Individual 1 ’), partial postcranial skeleton comprising cervicals 2 to 10, 15 dorsals, partial sacrum, 19 caudals, fragments of vertebrae, numerous rib fragments, hemal arches, right scapula and coracoid, left scapula, both humeri, right radius and ulna, parts of both manus, both ilia, ischia, and pubes, both femora and tibiae, right astragalus, and distal tarsal (inventory kindly provided by D. Schwarz).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Grosser Gleichberg near Römhild, southwest of Hildburghausen, Hildburghausen district, Thuringia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Top of Arnstadt Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Sevatian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>MB. R. 4719 (‘ Individual 4 ’), includes a right ilium and partial left ilium, both ischia, both femora and tibiae. ‘ Individuals 2, 3, and 5 ’ are sets of separately numbered postcranial bones (D. Schwarz, pers. comm.).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: presence of accessory lamina separating chonos from postzygapophysis; mid-dorsal neural spines higher than length of base but less than 1.5 times length of base; transverse width of first distal carpal greater than 120 % of transverse width of second distal carpal; presence of sulcus across medial end of first distal carpal; absence of well-developed brevis fossa with sharp margins on ventral surface of postacetabular process of ilium; minimum transverse width of pubic apron less than 40 % of width across iliac peduncles of ilium; femur in lateral view with longitudinal axis that is weakly bent with offset of less than 10 °; anterior trochanter positioned level with femoral head; fourth trochanter symmetrical with sharp proximal and distal corners; posteromedial margin of subrectangular astragalus forming moderately sharp corner; and astragalus with dorsally facing horizontal shelf forming part of fibular facet (Schaeffer 2024).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The holotype and referred material were originally identified as Plateosaurus plieningeri (Lang and F. Huene 1952) . Galton (2001 a) noted several differences in the postcranial skeleton and proposed a new taxon, Ruehleia bedheimensis for the reception of the material from the Grosser Gleichberg (see also Galton 2001 b). Schaeffer (2024 a) supported this identification and recovered Ruehleia outside of Plateosauridae in his phylogenetic analysis.</p><p>References.</p><p>Lang and F. Huene (1952), Galton (2001 a, b), Schaeffer (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE14E830B31A58B79DC25C30C6F64C2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
CFDDE732A641526CA64C72AA2CBF4C14.text	CFDDE732A641526CA64C72AA2CBF4C14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ruehleia Galton 2001	<div><p>Genus Ruehleia Galton, 2001 a</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Ruehleia bedheimensis Galton, 2001 a .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CFDDE732A641526CA64C72AA2CBF4C14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
54E78199C1CF5DADB4B8178B646B81EA.text	54E78199C1CF5DADB4B8178B646B81EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rutiotomodon Sues & Schoch 2023	<div><p>Genus Rutiotomodon Sues &amp; Schoch, 2023</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Rutiotomodon tytthos Sues &amp; Schoch, 2023 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/54E78199C1CF5DADB4B8178B646B81EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
9A09620E46E859F69C6759E3A5BF74FB.text	9A09620E46E859F69C6759E3A5BF74FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rutiotomodon tytthos Sues & Schoch 2023	<div><p>Rutiotomodon tytthos Sues &amp; Schoch, 2023</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 97028, nearly complete right maxilla with teeth, exposed in occlusal view.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 97029, crushed dentary fragment, preserving part of the mandibular symphysis and part of the right tooth-bearing ramus exposed in occlusal view.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: maxillary and dentary teeth with large labial and small lingual cusp linked by labiolingually extending occlusal ridge and by mesial and distal cingula; mesial and distal surfaces of labial cusp each bearing three prominent apicobasal ridges (‘ arrises’); and mandibular symphysis anteroposteriorly wide, edentulous, with thin lateral and anterior edges (Sues and Schoch 2023).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Rutiotomodon tytthos represents the first known Ladinian-age trilophosaurid and the first known representative of this archosauromorph clade from the CEB.</p><p>References.</p><p>Sues and Schoch (2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A09620E46E859F69C6759E3A5BF74FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
1B78C24A101B5D8D90302E0CA58A2BEC.text	1B78C24A101B5D8D90302E0CA58A2BEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saltoposuchus connectens F. Huene 1921	<div><p>Saltoposuchus connectens F. Huene, 1921 b</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 12597 a-d, cranial bones associated with much of the postcranial skeleton (Fig. 18 B, C).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>“ Weisser Steinbruch ” south of Pfaffenhofen, Heilbronn district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle Stubensandstein (S 2), Löwenstein Formation (equivalent of Arnstadt Formation). Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Alaunian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>SMNS 12597 e-f, isolated left angular and right calcaneum (which are not parts of the holotype; Spiekman 2023); SMNS 12596, disarticulated skeleton including some cranial elements (holotype of Saltoposuchus longipes F. Huene, 1921 b; Fig. 18 B); SMNS 55009, post-cervical vertebrae, right tibia and calcaneum, and several metatarsals; SMNS 12591 a, largely complete but dorsoventrally flattened skull; and SMNS 12352, well-preserved snout and left manus (Spiekman 2023).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Diagnosed by the following autapomorphies: antorbital fossa approximately half size of orbit; oval fossa on ventral surface of palatine outlined by radially striated surface medially; and lateral side of proximal head of tibia notched (Spiekman 2023). Spiekman (2023) listed additional features to distinguish Saltoposuchus connectens from other early-diverging crocodylomorphs.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene (1921 b) named two taxa, Saltoposuchus connectens and S. longipes, each based on a partial skeleton from the “ Weisser Steinbruch, ” which was an active sandstone quarry near Pfaffenhofen at the time. The holotype of the latter (SMNS 12596) is somewhat larger than that of Saltoposuchus connectens but there are no anatomical differences to support recognition of more than one species (Crush 1984). The “ Weisser Steinbruch ” also yielded skeletal remains of other archosaurian reptiles including the coelophysid theropod Procompsognathus triassicus E. Fraas, 1913, and the original associations of these specimens were not recorded by the quarry manager who sold the fossils to the museum in Stuttgart. This led to a long-standing debate concerning the taxonomic identification of certain fossils now referred to Saltoposuchus connectens, especially whether the cranial material belonged to this crocodylomorph or to the theropod Procompsognathus triassicus (e. g., Ostrom 1981). Walker (1970) first recognized Saltoposuchus as an early-diverging crocodylomorph. Sereno and Wild (1992) demonstrated that the partial skulls SMNS 12591 a and SMNS 12352 were identical in various features and belonged to Saltoposuchus rather than Procompsognathus . Spiekman (2023) undertook a comprehensive revision of all crocodylomorph specimens from the Löwenstein Formation and confirmed the conclusions by Sereno and Wild (1992).</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1921 b), Walker (1970), Ostrom (1981), Crush (1984), Sereno and Wild (1992), Spiekman (2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B78C24A101B5D8D90302E0CA58A2BEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C4D05BDF82535C82B224CCB71D598104.text	C4D05BDF82535C82B224CCB71D598104.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saltoposuchus F. Huene 1921	<div><p>Genus Saltoposuchus F. Huene, 1921 b</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Saltoposuchus connectens F. Huene, 1921 b .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4D05BDF82535C82B224CCB71D598104	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
591C0789CAFF5A64AC864F0B074C6B0C.text	591C0789CAFF5A64AC864F0B074C6B0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerosaurus armatus Meyer	<div><p>Sclerosaurus armatus Meyer in Fischer, 1857</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Unnumbered in collections of the Institut für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften of Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg. Part and counterpart blocks preserving a partial postcranial skeleton.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Quarry at Warmbach near Rheinfelden, Baden, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Plattensandstein Formation, Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>NMB Bs. 28, part and counterpart blocks with a nearly complete, largely articulated skeleton preserved as natural mold. Holotype of “ Labyrinthodon ” ruetimeyeri Wiedersheim, 1878 (= Aristodesmus ruetimeyeri Seeley, 1896). Former quarry at Riehen, Kanton Basel-Stadt, Switzerland. Röt Formation, Upper Buntsandstein Subgroup (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following features: long, posterolaterally projecting spike on pedicle formed by supratemporal; quadratojugal with pair of dorsoventrally flattened spines and additional spine posteroventral to paired spines; crowns of posterior dentary teeth aligned mesiolingually, slightly overlapping each other; narrow band of dermal armor comprising two or three rows of osteoderms extending on either side of body midline; osteoderms with external sculpturing composed of irregular pits; distal end of femur with intercondylar canal; and robust astragalocalcaneum (Sues and Reisz 2008).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Using casts prepared from the holotype and NMB Bs. 28, Sues and Reisz (2008) provided a detailed anatomical description. With a total length of approximately 50 cm, NMB Bs. 28 is the largest procolophonid currently known. F. Huene (1912) initially classified Sclerosaurus armatus as a procolophonid but later reinterpreted it as a pareiasaur (F. Huene 1932 a). Lee (1995) recovered Sclerosaurus armatus as the sister-taxon to a clade comprising pareiasaurs and turtles in his phylogenetic analysis but considered the possibility that it was a large-bodied ‘ aberrant’ procolophonid. Sues and Reisz (2008) redescribed Sclerosaurus armatus and recovered it as a leptopleuronine procolophonid in their analysis. Cisneros (2008) considered it most closely related to Scoloparia glyphanodon, from the Evangeline Member of the Wolfville Formation (Carnian) of Nova Scotia (Canada), based on the shared presence of dermal armor. However, the dermal osteoderms of Sclerosaurus armatus extend along the midline of the back whereas one specimen of Scoloparia glyphanodon has a nuchal ‘ shield’ composed of small osteoderms. Both conditions are autapomorphic for their respective taxa and should not be coded as the same character-state.</p><p>References.</p><p>Fischer (1857), Meyer (1859), Wiedersheim (1878), Seeley (1896), F. Huene (1911 a, 1912, 1932 a), Lee (1995), Cisneros (2008), Sues and Reisz (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/591C0789CAFF5A64AC864F0B074C6B0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
F47F47247B8559BCB2051FED65222E3F.text	F47F47247B8559BCB2051FED65222E3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sclerosaurus Meyer	<div><p>Genus Sclerosaurus Meyer in Fischer, 1857</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Sclerosaurus armatus Meyer in Fischer, 1857.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F47F47247B8559BCB2051FED65222E3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
F7236A24DC795A8E889CCB26DD115F52.text	F7236A24DC795A8E889CCB26DD115F52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simosaurus gaillardoti Meyer 1842	<div><p>Simosaurus gaillardoti Meyer, 1842 a</p><p>Neotype.</p><p>The holotype of Simosaurus gaillardoti designated by Meyer (1842) from the Calcaire à Cératites (Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup) near Lunéville in Lorraine (France) can no longer be located. Rieppel (2000) and De Miguel Chavez et al. (2018) cited MNHN.F.AC.9028, another cranium from Lunéville, as the neotype of S. gaillardoti .</p><p>Referred material (from Germany).</p><p>See Rieppel (1994 a). SMNS 16700 (holotype of Simosaurus guilelmi Meyer, 1852) is from the Hoheneck-Kalk of the Erfurt Formation (Lower Keuper Subgroup) of Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: skull brevirostrine (Fig. 7 A, B); snout without constriction; tooth crowns broad and blunt, distinctly set off from tooth bases; enamel distinctly striated; supratemporal fossae much large than orbits; parietal foramen displaced posteriorly; craniomandibular joints well behind occipital condyle; occiput deeply excavated; squamosal with distinct lateral process; vertebrae platycoelous, each with infraprezygapophyses and infrapostzygapophyses in addition to zygosphene and zygantrum; clavicle with short anterolateral process; humerus lacking entepicondylar foramen; and ulna with broad proximal end (Rieppel 1994; Fig. 7 A, B).</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1842 a, 1847–1855), O. Fraas (1881), F. Huene (1921 a, 1952, 1959), Kuhn-Schnyder (1961), Schultze (1970), Rieppel (1994 a, 2000), De Miguel Chaves et al. (2018), London et al. (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7236A24DC795A8E889CCB26DD115F52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
39EAFE77D06E52799C0F046F664A7D8B.text	39EAFE77D06E52799C0F046F664A7D8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simosaurus Meyer 1842	<div><p>Genus Simosaurus Meyer, 1842 a</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Simosaurus gaillardoti Meyer, 1842 a .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/39EAFE77D06E52799C0F046F664A7D8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
FA962C92A51E56DD91196C21311BCFF6.text	FA962C92A51E56DD91196C21311BCFF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stauromatodon mohli Sobral, Sues & Schoch 2021	<div><p>Stauromatodon mohli Sobral, Sues &amp; Schoch, 2021</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91427, partial left dentary with five complete teeth, one partially preserved tooth, and two represented only by impressions, and impression of the anterior portion of the dentary in the matrix.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: dentary robust, forming ventral keel of mid-portion of lower jaw; teeth closely spaced, non-labyrinthodontine; chisel-like apices of tooth crowns extending distolingually and contacting successive tooth crowns; apices of tooth crowns with fine apicobasal striations labially and lingually; tooth crowns with apical chisel edge and distal carina but without mesial carina; and Meckelian canal open posteriorly but enclosed by dentary further anteriorly (Sobral et al. 2021).</p><p>References.</p><p>Sobral et al. (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA962C92A51E56DD91196C21311BCFF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
FF06EA82AE0358D690DFEFA0A656814B.text	FF06EA82AE0358D690DFEFA0A656814B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stauromatodon Sobral, Sues & Schoch 2021	<div><p>Genus Stauromatodon Sobral, Sues &amp; Schoch, 2021</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Stauromatodon mohli Sobral, Sues &amp; Schoch, 2021</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF06EA82AE0358D690DFEFA0A656814B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
EAB31C12F66C5A469FEF40A1147DFC76.text	EAB31C12F66C5A469FEF40A1147DFC76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanystropheus antiquus Huene 1905	<div><p>“ Tanystropheus ” antiquus Huene, 1905 b</p><p>Syntypes.</p><p>SMNS 16687, SMNS 10110 (designated by Wild (1973) as lectotype), MGUWr 3872 s, MGUWr 3888 s, MGUWr 3895 s, MGUWr 3902 s and several uncatalogued MGUWr specimens, all isolated cervical vertebrae.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Gogolin and Krapkowice, Górny Śląsk (former Upper Silesia), Poland.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Myophoria vulgaris, Beneckeia buchi, and Dadocrinus Zone, lower part of Gogolin Formation (equivalent of Jena Formation), Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Referred material (from Germany).</p><p>Spiekman and Scheyer (2019) tentatively referred specimens from the Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup of Rüdersdorf near Berlin, Jena, and possibly Bonnhof, Bavaria, to “ Tanystropheus ” antiquus .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by length of cervical centra less than three times minimum height (Fraser and Rieppel 2006).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Although “ Tanystropheus ” antiquus presumably represents a distinct taxon there has historically been a great deal of confusion concerning the type material. It was long rumored that the specimens studied by F. Huene (1905 b, 1907–1908) had been lost during World War II, but Skawiński et al. (2017) reported that the fossils still exist. Sennikov (2011) proposed a separate genus Protanystropheus for the reception of “ Tanystropheus ” antiquus . Until the possibly referable material has been reanalyzed, it is impossible to assess the validity of this taxon and its phylogenetic relationships.</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1905 b, 1907–1908), Wild (1973, 1980), Fraser and Rieppel (2006), Sennikov (2011), Skawiński et al. (2017), Spiekman and Scheyer (2019), Spiekman et al. (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EAB31C12F66C5A469FEF40A1147DFC76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
E7C0B4B242325475BF8490FB991EA078.text	E7C0B4B242325475BF8490FB991EA078.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanystropheus conspicuus Meyer 1852	<div><p>Tanystropheus conspicuus Meyer, 1852</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>UMO BT 740, cervical vertebra (Wild 1973; Fig. 8 C).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Bindlacher Berg, near Bayreuth, Bavaria.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Ceratites flexuosus through C. compressus Zones, upper part of Trochitenkalk Formation and lower part of Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Illyrian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Spiekman and Scheyer (2019: suppl. table 1).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: Neural spines of most vertebrae distally expanded, rugose, and bulbous and broad, extremely thin scapula with considerable posterior expansion (Rytel 2025). Spiekman and Scheyer (2019) considered Tanystropheus conspicuus a nomen dubium because its hypodigm does not present diagnostic features that would distinguish it from other species of Tanystropheus . Based in part on new material from Poland, however, Rytel (2025) confirmed the validity of this taxon.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Wild (1973) synonymized Chelyzoon latum F. Huene, 1902 and C. blezingeri F. Huene, 1902, both based on purported turtle vertebrae, with Tanystropheus . He selected Chelyzoon blezingeri, which is based on a twelfth cervical (SMNS 8728), as the type-species of Chelyzoon . The holotype of Chelyzoon latum was housed at SNSB-BSPG and lost during World War II. Wild (1973) also considered Procerosaurus cruralis F. Huene, 1902, based on a femur of a very large individual, referable to Tanystropheus .</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1847–1855), F. Huene (1902, 1907–1908), Wild (1973), Spiekman and Scheyer (2019), Spiekman et al. (2021), Rytel (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E7C0B4B242325475BF8490FB991EA078	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C0B04CD66B355256B3D6B1B057A26D80.text	C0B04CD66B355256B3D6B1B057A26D80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanystropheus Meyer 1852	<div><p>Genus Tanystropheus Meyer, 1852</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Tanystropheus conspicuus Meyer, 1852 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0B04CD66B355256B3D6B1B057A26D80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C931098A9E985520B7996164E03AF07B.text	C931098A9E985520B7996164E03AF07B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Teratosaurus Meyer 1861	<div><p>Genus Teratosaurus Meyer, 1861</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Teratosaurus suevicus Meyer, 1861 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C931098A9E985520B7996164E03AF07B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
51252B994BFD58A5989BFA2D871C2CEF.text	51252B994BFD58A5989BFA2D871C2CEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Teratosaurus suevicus Meyer 1861	<div><p>Teratosaurus suevicus Meyer, 1861</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>NHMUK PV OR 38646, nearly complete right maxilla (Fig. 18 A).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former quarry at Heslacher Wand, Stuttgart-Heslach, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Middle Stubensandstein (S 2), Löwenstein Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Norian: Lacian-Alaunian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Galton (1985) referred various isolated teeth and a well-preserved right ilium (SMNS 52972) from Stuttgart-Heslach to Teratosaurus suevicus, but Brusatte et al. (2009) pointed out that these referrals cannot be substantiated. They also noted that the ilium (which possibly came from the same quarry as the holotype; SMNS 52972) first described by Meyer (1861) resembles that of the rauisuchid Postosuchus kirkpatricki from the Upper Triassic (Lacian-Alaunian) of Texas. However, it cannot be confidently assigned to Teratosaurus suevicus unless more complete skeletal remains become available. A jaw fragment with one complete tooth crown and parts of three others from Stuttgart-Heslach (SMNS 53535) possibly also belongs to Teratosaurus suevicus .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by a single autapomorphy: prominent groove for dental lamina on medial surface of maxilla, below which distinctive step separates medial surface of main body from interdental plates (Brusatte et al. 2009).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>F. Huene (1907–1908, 1915 b, 1932 b) interpreted Teratosaurus suevicus as a saurischian dinosaur. He referred numerous skeletal remains and teeth to Teratosaurus and named two additional species, Teratosaurus? minor and T.? trossingensis, based on the association of postcranial remains found along with isolated tooth crowns resembling those of the holotype of T. suevicus . The postcranial bones closely resembled those of sauropodomorphs, initially leading to considerable confusion concerning the phylogenetic relationships of various Triassic dinosaurs from Europe. Eventually the postcranial remains were reassigned to Plateosaurus (Galton 2001 a, b). Galton (1985 a) and Benton (1986) demonstrated that the holotype of Teratosaurus suevicus represented a ‘ rauisuchian’ pseudosuchian, and Brusatte et al. (2009) assigned it to Rauisuchidae .</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1861), F. Huene (1907–1908, 1915 b, 1932 b), Galton (1985 a, 2001 a, b), Benton (1986), Brusatte et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/51252B994BFD58A5989BFA2D871C2CEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
790DC30280745A74ADCDFEFE6D509A53.text	790DC30280745A74ADCDFEFE6D509A53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Termatosaurus Plieninger 1844	<div><p>Genus Termatosaurus Plieninger in Meyer &amp; Plieninger, 1844</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Termatosaurus albertii Plieninger in Meyer &amp; Plieninger, 1844.</p><p>Plieninger (in Meyer and Plieninger 1844) described isolated tooth crowns from bonebeds in the Rhätsandstein at Stuttgart-Degerloch and other localities such as Bebenhausen near Tübingen in Baden-Württemberg. He identified them as representing a new taxon, Termatosaurus albertii . Quenstedt (1858) distinguished two dental morphotypes of this ‘ species, ’ one with a round cross-section and lacking apicobasal ridges and the other with more slender crowns bearing distinct apicobasal ridges. He noted that the latter resembled teeth of “ Dracosaurus ” (= Nothosaurus).</p><p>Based on teeth from the Rhaetian of Steinenbronn, Böblingen district, Baden-Württemberg, Quenstedt (1858) named a second species, Termatosaurus crocodilinus, which he distinguished from T. albertii by the possession of blunt tooth crowns with two carinae and typically worn apices. Endlich (1870) illustrated tooth crowns of both ‘ species’ of Termatosaurus . E. Fraas (1896) assigned both ‘ species’ of Termatosaurus to the phytosaur Mystriosuchus .</p><p>Isolated tooth crowns of both ‘ species’ assigned to Termatosaurus are not uncommon in bonebeds in the Rhätsandstein of Baden-Württemberg. They resemble those of various sauropterygians, especially plesiosaurs. F. Huene (1902) even synonymized Termatosaurus with Plesiosaurus . These teeth possibly belong to the same taxon or taxa as isolated vertebral centra from the Rhaetian bonebeds that share with those of plesiosaurs the presence of a pair of symmetrically positioned vascular foramina on their ventral surfaces (Endlich 1870; F. Huene 1902).</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer and Plieninger (1844), Quenstedt (1858), Endlich (1870), E. Fraas (1896), F. Huene (1902).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/790DC30280745A74ADCDFEFE6D509A53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
CBDEB4809E33500A80B10C7825D66585.text	CBDEB4809E33500A80B10C7825D66585.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tholodus Meyer 1848	<div><p>Genus Tholodus Meyer, 1848</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Tholodus schmidi Meyer, 1848</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CBDEB4809E33500A80B10C7825D66585	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
025657D8EBB35439BD5570732D712051.text	025657D8EBB35439BD5570732D712051.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tholodus schmidi Meyer 1848	<div><p>Tholodus schmidi Meyer, 1848</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Jaw fragment with four teeth and broken base of a fifth tooth (Meyer 1851: pl. 31, figs 27–28). Current repository unknown.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Tatzend, Jena, Thuringia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Terebratelbank Subformation, Jena Formation, Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Pelsonian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See Peyer (1939) and Dalla Vecchia (2004).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: multiple tooth rows; posterior tooth crowns massive, rounded, labiolingually compressed; enamel with pronounced apicobasal wrinkles; bases of tooth crowns constricted; and tooth roots long and straight, with plicidentine (McGowan and Motani 2003).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Peyer (1939) tentatively suggested “ tocosaurian ” (= lepidosaurian) affinities for Tholodus schmidi . McGowan and Motani (2003) considered it related to the ichthyopterygian Mixosaurus . Based on diagnostic jaw remains associated with postcranial remains of an early ichthyopterygian from the Anisian (Pelsonian-Illyrian) of Udine Province (Italy), Dalla Vecchia (2004) suggested that Tholodus schmidi is possibly a grippidian ichthyopterygian.</p><p>References.</p><p>Meyer (1848, 1851), Peyer (1939), Hagdorn and Rieppel (1999), McGowan and Motani (2003), Dalla Vecchia (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025657D8EBB35439BD5570732D712051	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
BB6A86C91D38589C9ECE9C2023D21B6F.text	BB6A86C91D38589C9ECE9C2023D21B6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thuringopelta Sues & Schoch 2025	<div><p>Genus Thuringopelta Sues &amp; Schoch, 2025</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Thuringopelta werneburgi Sues &amp; Schoch, 2025.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB6A86C91D38589C9ECE9C2023D21B6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
B2556E3EF67F56FE88F7DF72D9057190.text	B2556E3EF67F56FE88F7DF72D9057190.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thuringopelta werneburgi Sues & Schoch 2025	<div><p>Thuringopelta werneburgi Sues &amp; Schoch, 2025</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MB.R.6300-3, paramedian osteoderm.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former Klapproth brick pit (now reclaimed as part of a nature preserve), Mittelhausen (now part of the city of Erfurt), Thuringia.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Stuttgart Formation, Middle Keuper Subgroup. Age: Late Triassic (Carnian: Julian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>Twenty-nine additional osteoderms are cataloged in two lots: MB. R. 6300, comprising 10 osteoderms (MB. R. 6300.1 – MB. R. 6300.2 and MB. R. 6300.4 – MB. R. 6300.10), and MB. R. 6301, comprising 17 osteoderms (MB. R. 6301.1 – MB. R. 6301.17) although, according to the museum records, the latter inventory number originally comprised “ 26 fragments (bony plates etc.). ” Four osteoderm fragments examined by Sues and Schoch (2025) lacked catalog numbers.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: osteoderms thin (2–4 mm) and flexed transversely to various degrees; anterior articular lamina not separated by groove from ornamented portion of dorsal surface of dorsal flange; dorsal eminence low, often poorly delineated in dorsal view, terminating posteriorly in tubercle on lateral osteoderms; and lateral osteoderms with small posterolateral flange.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Michael (1932) originally assigned these osteoderms to the capitosauroid temnospondyl Mastodonsaurus giganteus, which lacks dermal armor. They represent the first Late Triassic record of Doswelliidae from the CEB.</p><p>References.</p><p>Michael (1932), Sues and Schoch (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B2556E3EF67F56FE88F7DF72D9057190	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
DA92D1D35DAE50C4BA2E112C06F5C039.text	DA92D1D35DAE50C4BA2E112C06F5C039.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelosaurus Broili	<div><p>Genus Trachelosaurus Broili in Broili &amp; Fischer, 1918</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Trachelosaurus fischeri Broili in Fischer &amp; Broili, 1918.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA92D1D35DAE50C4BA2E112C06F5C039	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
3BD93D7FDB455824A2C19E6546391090.text	3BD93D7FDB455824A2C19E6546391090.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelosaurus fischeri Broili	<div><p>Trachelosaurus fischeri Broili in Fischer &amp; Broili, 1918</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MLU. GeoS. 1612, partially disarticulated skeleton comprising a few isolated skull bones including a right premaxilla, much of the presacral vertebral column, two sacral vertebrae, several caudal vertebrae, gastralia ‘ basket, ’ right ilium, right? pubis, left? femur, and at least one probable metatarsal (Fig. 3 B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Merkel’s quarry, Bernburg an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt,</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Platy sandstone unit within Chirotheriensandstein, upper part of Solling Formation, Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Anisian: Aegean).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: presacral column comprising at least 21 cervical and 27 dorsal vertebrae; cervical and dorsal neural spines transversely expanded at their distal ends with strongly developed rugosities; cervical ribs with short bifurcating shafts, at most barely extending beyond corresponding vertebra; transverse processes of anterior to mid-dorsal vertebrae wide and ‘ wing-like’; torso barrel-shaped, formed by broadly rounded, almost uniformly holocephalous dorsal ribs; ilium lacking preacetabular process; and femur stocky, without curved shaft (Spiekman et al. 2024).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The high number of cervical vertebrae led Huene (1944 a) to argue that the holotype comprises skeletal remains of two individuals. Spiekman et al. (2024) published a detailed redescription of the holotype (which does represent a single individual), and their phylogenetic analysis recovered Trachelosaurus fischeri as the first record outside China of the tanysaurian clade Dinocephalosauridae, which was renamed Trachelosauridae based on the priority of the latter name.</p><p>References.</p><p>F. Huene (1902, 1944 a), Broili and Fischer (1918), Spiekman et al. (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BD93D7FDB455824A2C19E6546391090	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
2357BB178F8B50A5B30BF0BB46986922.text	2357BB178F8B50A5B30BF0BB46986922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vellbergia bartholomaei Sobral, Simoes, & Schoch 2020	<div><p>Vellbergia bartholomaei Sobral, Simões, &amp; Schoch, 2020</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91590, partial skull obliquely exposed in left lateral view (Fig. 11 B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, Bed E 6, near Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: frontal with distinct anterolateral and large posterolateral process; prefrontal dorsoventrally deep and not expanded; and symphyseal portion of hemimandible strongly turned medially (based on Sobral et al. 2020).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>The phylogenetic analysis by Sobral et al. (2020) found Vellbergia bartholomaei as an early-diverging lepidosauromorph. Ford et al. (2021) recovered this taxon as the sister-taxon to Rhynchocephalia.</p><p>References.</p><p>Sobral et al. (2020), Ford et al. (2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2357BB178F8B50A5B30BF0BB46986922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
C5FD5DBB9C725CE9A644E33BB0F5700A.text	C5FD5DBB9C725CE9A644E33BB0F5700A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vellbergia Sobral, Simoes & Schoch 2020	<div><p>Genus Vellbergia Sobral, Simões &amp; Schoch, 2020</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Vellbergia bartholomaei Sobral, Simões &amp; Schoch, 2020 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5FD5DBB9C725CE9A644E33BB0F5700A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
F5A041386ECC586398689B019DC3A877.text	F5A041386ECC586398689B019DC3A877.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wirtembergia hauboldae Sues & Schoch 2024	<div><p>Wirtembergia hauboldae Sues &amp; Schoch, 2024</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>SMNS 91313, disarticulated but associated skeletal remains including complete right maxilla (Fig. 10 B), incomplete right pterygoid, possible fragment of palatine, nearly complete left dentary, vertebrae, ribs, and limb bones.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Schumann Quarry, near Eschenau, Vellberg municipality, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Würtemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Untere Graue Mergel, Bed E 6, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Referred material.</p><p>See list in Sues and Schoch (2024).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: premaxilla with four teeth, decreasing in size from first to fourth; jugal with tiny, spur-like posterior process; lateral surface of dentary strongly convex dorsoventrally for much of bone, forming distinct longitudinal ridge in larger specimens; coronoid eminence of dentary low, roughly rectangular, and with dorsoventrally concave lateral surface in larger specimens; dentition comprising pleurodont anterior and acrodont posterior teeth; and posterior (= additional) teeth with (in labial / lingual view) triangular, at mid-crown level labiolingually slightly flattened crowns, and with oval bases (Sues and Schoch 2024).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Wirtembergia hauboldae is more plesiomorphic in some cranial features than Gephyrosaurus bridensis, which was long considered the earliest-diverging rhynchocephalian. However, it is more derived than the latter in the presence of anterior pleurodont and posterior acrodont teeth in each jaw.</p><p>References.</p><p>Jones et al. (2013), Sues and Schoch (2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F5A041386ECC586398689B019DC3A877	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
39DE78E644E95F049FD70BAB361D20E2.text	39DE78E644E95F049FD70BAB361D20E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wirtembergia Sues & Schoch 2024	<div><p>Genus Wirtembergia Sues &amp; Schoch, 2024</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Wirtembergia hauboldae Sues &amp; Schoch, 2024 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/39DE78E644E95F049FD70BAB361D20E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
8C7AA9E3CF9E5A9CA5CFBE3704FE9F2D.text	8C7AA9E3CF9E5A9CA5CFBE3704FE9F2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zanclodon laevis (Plieninger 1847)	<div><p>Zanclodon laevis (Plieninger, 1847 a)</p><p>Lectotype.</p><p>SMNS 6045, incomplete left maxilla with attached fragment of neural arch (designated by Wild 1973) (Fig. 13 A, B).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Former alum and coal mine Diedrich, Gaildorf, Schwäbisch Hall district, Baden-Württemberg.</p><p>Type horizon.</p><p>Mudstone below Hauptsandstein, Erfurt Formation, Lower Keuper Subgroup. Age: Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished by the following combination of features: tooth crowns weakly recurved, oval in cross-section, and lacking carinae; and interdental plates absent (Schoch 2011).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Originally reported under the preoccupied genus name Smilodon (Plieninger 1847 a), Zanclodon laevis is still known only from its lectotype and its phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. Plieninger also referred (now lost) four vertebrae to this taxon but provided no evidence in support of the proposed association. During the nineteenth century, many other skeletal remains and teeth were assigned to Zanclodon laevis (e. g., E. Fraas 1896) but all have since been reassigned to other, primarily dinosaurian genera (F. Huene 1905 a, 1907–1908; Galton 2001 b). E. Fraas (1896) proposed a new species of Zanclodon, Z. plieningeri, for what is now the lectotype of Z. laevis .</p><p>References.</p><p>Plieninger (1847 a, b), E. Fraas (1896), F. Huene (1905 a, 1907–1908), Wild (1973), Galton (2001 b), Hungerbühler (2001), Schoch (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C7AA9E3CF9E5A9CA5CFBE3704FE9F2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
E010B59165115F62BD7452A2008E8E4A.text	E010B59165115F62BD7452A2008E8E4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zanclodon Plieninger 1847	<div><p>Genus Zanclodon Plieninger, 1847 b</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Zanclodon laevis (Plieninger, 1847 a) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E010B59165115F62BD7452A2008E8E4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sues, Hans-Dieter;Schoch, Rainer R.	Sues, Hans-Dieter, Schoch, Rainer R. (2025): Synopsis of the Triassic reptiles from Germany. Fossil Record 28 (2): 411-483, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164405
