* Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck, 1816)

Fig. 50 A–C.

Toxopneustes pileolus: Mortensen, 1904: 120 –121; Mortensen, 1943a: 472 –480. Pl. XXVI. Fig. 3, Pl. XXVII. Figs 1–4, Pl. XXVIII. Figs 1–2, Pl. XXIX. Figs 1–5, Pl. XXX. Fig. 1–4, Pl. XXXI. Fig. 9, Pl. XXXIII. Figs 5–6, Pl. LIV. Figs 1, 3–6, 8– 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, Pl. LV. 13; H.L. Clark, 1923: 386; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 123; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 234; Richmond, 1997: 298; Samyn, 2003: 210, Figs 4 F, F’; Branch et al., 2010: 234, Fig. 105.7; Schultz, 2010: 270, Figs 518– 522; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 53. Pl. II, Fig. D.

Material examined. SAMC-A28208.

Identification. Test hemispherical, sunken towards peristome. Globiferous pedicellaria valves blossom, giving flower-like appearance. Distinguishable from other species in denuded test showing brownish, greenish or purplish radial stripes; specimen examined with purplish-banded spines, in other cases may be banded in greenish, whitish or reddish shades; periproctal plates white.

Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 135 mm.

Global distribution. East coast of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014); East Africa to Fiji Islands and New Caledonia, and from central Japan to Australia; from littoral zone to 90 m (Schultz 2010).

Remarks. Test densely covered by flower-like pedicellariae, equipped with poisonous glands. A tropical reef species, commonly known as the flower urchin, which uses seaweed or shells to shelter itself from sun (Branch et al. 2010).