32. Ixodes bivari Santos Dias, 1990 .

Palearctic: 1) Portugal (Santos-Silva et al. 2011, Estrada-Peña et al. 2017).

Kolonin (2009) did not list this tick as valid but as a probable synonym of Ixodes ventalloi . Estrada-Peña in Guglielmone et al. (2014) stated that the bases capituli of Ixodes bivari and Ixodes ventalloi are morphologically different, but Estrada-Peña et al. (2017) agreed with Kolonin, suggesting that Ixodes bivari is a synonym of Ixodes ventalloi . Pending resolution of this situation by comparison of type specimens, Ixodes bivari is here regarded as provisionally valid.