Livia Latreille, 1802

Livia Latreille 1802: 266 .

Type species: Psylla juncorum Latreille, 1798, by monotypy.

= Diraphia Illiger 1803: 284 .

Type species: Chermes junci Schrank, 1789, by monotypy. Synonymized with Livia by Latreille 1807: 170.

= Diraphia Waga 1842: 275, nec Illiger 1803.

Type species: Diraphia limbata Waga, 1842, by monotypy.

= Neolivia Hedicke 1920: 71; replacement name for Diraphia Waga nec Illiger. Synonymized with Livia by Loginova 1974: 862.

= Vailakiella Bliven 1955: 13 .

Type species: Vailakiella eos Bliven, 1955, by original designation and monotypy. Synonymized with Livia by Hodkinson and Bird 2000: 4.

Diagnosis: Adult. Head, in lateral view, directed in longitudinal axis of body (Fig. 1D); in dorsal view slightly narrower than thorax, about as long as wide (Fig. 2A). Vertex elongate, forming a lobe on either side of midline, continuing to ventral face; covered in irregularly imbricate, partly reduced microsculpture; clearly separated from genae by transverse suture (Fig. 3F); coronal suture fully developed; genae flattened, not enlarged into processes; frons narrowly triangular (Fig. 3F); median ocellus not visible in perpendicular view to vertex; subgenae differentiated into separate sclerites (Fig. 3F); compound eyes, in dorsal view, elongate, strongly adpressed to head. Clypeus pear-shaped, moderately large, flattened ventrally, hardly visible in lateral view as it is hidden by genae. Antenna about as long as head width; flagellum with simple setae; segment 2 longest, segment 3 shorter than segments 4–6 together; segments 4, 6, 8, and 9 bearing each a subapical rhinarium lacking marginal spines. Thorax moderately slender; dorsal outline, in lateral view, flattened. Pronotum in dorsal view, almost straight, subrectagular; propleurites subrectangular, divided by perpendicular suture into subequal epimeron and episternum. Metapostnotum (Fig. 4B) forming backwards directed tooth. Mesosternum (Fig. 5D) relatively long; pleurosternal suture and basisternum well developed; mesosternum narrower than head, subrectangular less than twice as wide as long laterally; anterior margin with medial angle or notch; pleurosternal suture well visible; basisternum large, oval to rhomboidal; katepisternum large antero-laterally, not bent dorsad laterally; angle between arms of precoxale acute of right. Pro- and mesotibiae cylindrical. Metacoxa with long, subacute, horn-shaped meracanthus. Metafemur with three ventral sense organs positioned at midlength; apex lacking stout long setae. Metatibia distinctly widened apically; with three to eight strongly sclerotized apical spurs that are relatively evenly spaced usually arranged to form a posteriorly open crown, laterally on short processes; with several irregularly spaced thorn-like setae postero-apically and many stout spines (Fig. 7D). Both metatarsal segments relatively short, subequal in length. Forewing oblong-oval to ovoid; widest in the middle or in apical third, 1.6–2.3 times as long as wide, rugose, opaque; vein C + Sc relatively evenly convex, slender, distinctly delimited from cell; costal break absent; pterostigma absent or small; nodal line not developed; vein R shorter than M + Cu; vein Rs relatively straight or slightly sinuous, turned towards costal margin apically; vein M longer than its branches; vein Cu 1a strongly curved towards anal margin; veins M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 relatively perpendicular to wing margin apically; anal break adjacent to apex of vein Cu 1b; surface spinules coarse, often restricted to wing margins. Hindwing slightly shorter than forewing; with two to three costal setae proximal to costal break and two indistinct groups of four to five dense proximal and three to four spaced distal setae, distal to costal break; vein R + M + Cu bifurcating into R and M + Cu. Abdominal base lacking sclerotized area on either side covered in spines. Aedeagus with simple proximal portion bearing many weak folds subapically; apex of distal portion not differentiated from stem. Female subgenital plate lacking apical process.

Last instar immature. Antenna seven to eight segments; lacking sectasetae or lanceolate setae on antennal flagellum. Mid- and hindlegs without massive peg-like setae. Dorsal body surface lacking minute clavate setae. Precaudal abdominal tergites lacking densely spaced simple setae or sectasetae. Anus in ventral or subterminal position; with or without additional pore fields developed.

Comments: Monophyletic with strong molecular support (Fig. 10; Supporting Information, File S4) and morphologically supported by four synapomorphies (Fig. 11). The generic concept of Hodkinson and Bird (2000) is supported here. Included available species, distribution, and host plants are summarized in Table 3 and Supporting Information, File S3.