138. Xyleborinus andrewesi (Blandford)

Xyleborus andrewesi Blandford, 1896a: 227 .

Xyleborinus andrewesi (Blandford): Wood, 1989: 176.

Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi, Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Nayok, Suphanburi; N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975 as Xyleborus andrewesi), Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phetchabun; N-E: Loei, Nakhon Ratchasima, Sakhon Nakhon; S: [unspecified southern province] (Sittichaya et al. 2012), Chumphon, Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani .

New records: More than 240 specimens collected in all regions of the country.

Other distribution: From India, Nepal and Sri Lanka through China (Yunnan) and Southeast Asia and Indonesia including Timor, to Taiwan in the North, and East to New Guinea. The species has been introduced to Cuba, Jamaica and the United States (Okins & Thomas (2010). There are old, single records from East Africa and the Seychelles, but the species has not been recorded there recently. (The island of Timor is not in the Mariana Is. in Micronesia (contra Wood and Bright (1992), and Saha and Maiti (2004). (4)

Biology: Polyphagous (Browne 1961a, Schedl 1963, Wood & Bright 1992, Maiti & Saha 2004). The gallery system consists of an unbranched entrance tunnel leading to a brood chamber in the longitudinal plane (Browne 1961a, Schedl 1963). The brood chamber is gradually enlarged by the larvae as they develop. Kalshoven (1959) gives some details of brood sizes at different stages of development of the brood chamber. The species attacks plantation trees, but the attacks are secondary on stressed or dying host trees, and not primary on healthy trees (Maiti & Saha 2004).

Illustrations: P (Atkinson 2014, Hulcr 2013, Hulcr & Cognato 2013); D (Nunberg 1978 as Xyleborus andrewesi, Maiti & Saha 2004).