Phanaeus heros Castelnau, 1840: 80 . Available name.

Type specimen: Unknown to us.

Type locality: ‘ Cayenne ’ (Castelnau, 1840).

Nomenclatural history: To our knowledge, this name was first mentioned as a synonym of C. lancifer by Lacordaire(1856), who cited that as males of this species; this opinion was followed by all subsequent revisers and cataloguers (Nevinson, 1892; Gillet, 1911; d’Olsoufieff, 1924; Pessôa, 1934; Blackwelder, 1944; Edmonds & Zídek, 2010). No syntypes of this name were found by us and, therefore, a lectotype designation is not possible at the moment. See the discussion on P. sylvanus for more details.