Key to male Ceraphron from the Afrotropical mainland

1. Scape as long as F1 to F3 combined or longer (e.g., Fig. 82D) ....................................................... 2

– Scape as long as F1 and F2 combined or shorter (e.g., Fig. 41D) .................................................... 6

– Scape longer than F1 and F2 combined and shorter than F1 to F3 combined (e.g., Fig. 47D) ...... 14

2. Scape shorter than F1 to F4 combined (e.g., Fig. 76D) .................................................................... 3

– Scape as long as F1 to F4 combined (Fig. 54D) ................................................. C. insolitus sp. nov.

3. At least some flagellomeres moniliform (Figs 45, 82) ..................................................................... 4

– All flagellomeres cylindric (Figs 51, 76) .......................................................................................... 5

4. Head, meso- and metasoma brown (Fig. 82D); harpe finger-shaped in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 82A, C) ........................................................................................................ C. sungura sp. nov.

– Head light brown, meso- and metasoma light brown-yellowish (Fig. 45D); harpe cone-shaped in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 45A, C) ............................................................... C. cingulum sp. nov.

5. Genital weakly sclerotized; harpe not indented apically in lateral view (Fig. 51B); apical setae of harpes not crossing (Fig. 51A, C) ........................................................................ C. eulbergi sp. nov.

– Genital moderately sclerotized; harpe indented apically in lateral view (Fig. 76B); apical setae of harpes distinctly crossing (Fig. 76A, C) ........................................................ C. pilosiharpis sp. nov.

6. Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex absent (e.g., Fig. 41D) ........................................................................................................................................... 7

– Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex present (e.g., Fig. 71D) ........................................................................................................................................... 9

7. Harpe/gvc index ≤ 0.50 (e.g., Fig. 41A–C); harpe cone-shaped or triangular in ventral and dorsal view (e.g., Fig. 41A, C) .................................................................................................................... 8

– Harpe/gvc index 0.81 (Fig. 75A–C); harpe sickle-shaped in ventral and dorsal view (Fig. 75A, C) ........................................................................................................................... C. onesimusi sp. nov.

8. Harpe/gvc index 0.50 (Sundholm 1970: 363, fig. 139) ........................ C. longulus Sundholm, 1970

– Harpe/gvc index 0.33 (Fig. 41A–C) ............................................................... C. breviharpis sp. nov.

9. Harpe triangular and/or cone-shaped or bulb-shaped, not sickle-shaped and without apicoventral projection (e.g., Figs 42–43, 66, 71A, C) ....................................................................................... 10

– Harpe sickle-shaped with apicoventral projection (Fig. 72A, C) .................. C. mwekaensis sp. nov.

10. Mesometapleuron with distinct longitudinal striations (Dessart 1963b: 530, fig. 4 female; Figs 42D, 103) ..................................................................................................................................................11

– Mesometapleuron without distinct longitudinal striations ............................................................. 12

11. Mesometapleural sulcus present (Dessart 1963b: 530, fig. 4 female; Fig. 103) ................................. .................................................................................................................... C. masneri Dessart, 1963

– Mesometapleural sulcus absent (Fig. 42D) ................................................... C. breviscapus sp. nov.

12. Head brown, mesosoma brown and metasoma light brown or brown (e.g., Fig. 71D) .................. 13

– Head light brown-yellowish, mesosoma yellowish except meso- and metapleuron darker and metasoma light brown-yellowish except anterior third lighter (Fig. 66D) ......................................... ................................................................................................................... C. longumerunus sp. nov.

13. Harpe triangular in ventral and dorsal view; harpe/gvc index 0.31 (e.g., Fig. 71A, C) ..................... .................................................................................................................................. C. mikoi sp. nov.

– Harpe cone-shaped in ventral and dorsal view; harpe/gvc index 0.93 (Fig. 43A, C) ......................... ............................................................................................................................. C. buyangu sp. nov.

14. Harpe finger-shaped in ventral and dorsal view (e.g., Figs 40, 80) ................................................ 15

– Harpe not finger-shaped, but cone-shaped, trapezoidal or triangular in ventral and dorsal view (e.g., Figs 44, 58) ..................................................................................................................................... 23

15. Harpe/gvc index> 1.00 (e.g., Fig. 64A–C) .................................................................................... 16

– Harpe/gvc index ˂ 0.70 (e.g., Fig. 50A–C) .................................................................................... 19

16. Harpe/gvc index ≤ 1.05 (e.g., Fig. 81A–C) .................................................................................... 17

– Harpe/gvc index> 1.30 (e.g., Fig. 64A–C) .................................................... C. longiharpis sp. nov.

17. Head brown and mesosoma brown or light brown; flagellum light brown or light brown-yellowish; anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex extending to end of mesosoma (Figs 48, 68D) .................................................................................................... 18

– Head and mesosoma dark brown;flagellum brown;anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex exceeding end of mesosoma (Fig. 81D) ............. C. semira sp. nov.

18. Mesosoma brown; flagellum light brown; F1 2.6 × as long as wide (Fig. 68D); lateral margin of harpe straight; dorsomedial margin of harpe straight and slightly diverging distolaterally from base to apex; harpe with at least three lateral setae distributed along apical quarter (Fig. 68A, C) ........... ............................................................................................................................... C. malava sp. nov.

– Mesosoma light brown; flagellum light brown-yellowish; F1 2.1 × as long as wide (Fig. 48D); lateral margin of harpe convex; dorsomedial margin of harpe straight and slightly diverging distolaterally in basal half, straight and parallel to other harpe in apical half; harpe with at least four lateral setae distributed along apical half (Fig. 48A, C) ....................................................... C. eaerendili sp. nov.

19. Mesosoma dark brown or brown, ventrolateral parts not darker than rest; scape light brown or yellowish; F6 ≤ 1.8× as long as wide (e.g., Fig. 61D); harpe with at least three lateral setae but not more than four (e.g., Fig. 61A–C) .................................................................................................. 20

– Mesosoma brown, ventrolateral parts darker than rest; scape brown; F6 2.5 × as long as wide (Fig. 80D); harpe with at least six lateral setae (Fig. 80A–C) ................................. C. sataoi sp. nov.

20. Scape yellowish or partially yellowish (Figs 50, 61–62); harpe/gvc index ≥ 0.64; harpe with at least nine median setae but not more than ten, median setae not convex or brush-like arranged (Figs 50, 61–62) ............................................................................................................................................. 21

– Scape light brown (Fig. 40D); harpe/gvc index 0.56; harpe with at least eleven convex and brush-like arranged median setae (Fig. 40A, C) ............................................................... C. brashi sp. nov.

21. Scape and pedicel yellowish; flagellum light brown (Figs 61–62); lateral margin of harpe at least slightly convex; apex of harpe rounded (Figs 61–62) .................................................................... 22

– Scape and pedicel light brown except proximal half of scape yellowish; flagellum brown (Fig. 50D); lateral margin of harpe straight; apex of harpe pointed (Fig. 50A, C) ...................... C. ellae sp. nov.

22. Metasoma light brown; mesometapleural sulcus absent; head height 1.54–1.64 × maximum eye diameter (Fig. 61D); harpe/gvc index 0.55 (Fig. 61A–C) ...................................... C. kidole sp. nov.

– Metasoma brown; mesometapleural sulcus present; head height 1.77–1.83 × maximum eye diameter (Fig. 62D); harpe/gvc index 0.68 (Fig. 62A–C) .................................................. C. kimathii sp. nov.

23. At least some flagellomeres moniliform (Figs 46, 67) ................................................................... 24

– All flagellomeres cylindric (e.g., Figs 49, 69) ................................................................................ 25

24. Multiporous plates on flagellomeres elongate (Fig. 46D); harpe/gvc index 0.57; gvc slightly wider than long (Fig. 46A–C) ................................................................................ C. clavatumeris sp. nov.

– Multiporous plates on flagellomeres small and round (Fig. 67D); harpe/gvc index 0.44; gvc width two thirds of gvc length (Fig. 67A–C) ............................................................. C. maathaiae sp. nov.

25. Harpe/gvc index ˃ 0.80 (e.g., Fig. 84A–C) .................................................................................... 26

– Harpe/gvc index ≤ 0.63 (e.g., Figs 58, 83) ..................................................................................... 29

26. Harpe/gvc index ≥ 1.00 (e.g., Fig. 78A–C) .................................................................................... 27

– Harpe/gvc index ≤ 0.86 (Figs 77, 84) ............................................................................................. 28

27. Interaxillar sulcus absent; anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex exceeding the end of the mesosoma; legs yellowish except proximal third of coxae light brown (Fig. 78D) ............................................................................................... C. reinholdi sp. nov.

– Distinct interaxillar sulcus; anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex not extending to the end of the mesosoma; legs yellowish (Sundholm 1970: 357–359; Fig. 101B) ............................................................................ C. confusus Sundholm, 1970

28. Longitudinal sulcus on mesometapleuron from procoxa to metacoxa; scape and pedicel brown (Fig. 77D); genital moderately sclerotized; longest apical setae of harpe less than half as long as harpe (Fig. 77A–C) ...................................................................................... C. pleurosulcus sp. nov.

– No longitudinal sulcus on mesometapleuron; scape and pedicel yellowish (Fig. 84D); genital weakly sclerotized; longest apical setae of harpe as long as harpe (Fig. 84A–C) ................ C. tiriki sp. nov.

29. Longest lateral setae of harpe shorter than harpe (e.g., Figs 58, 60) .............................................. 30

– Longest lateral setae of harpe more than twice as long as harpe (Fig. 65A–C) ................................. ........................................................................................................................... C. longisetae sp. nov.

30. Scape brown (Figs 44, 58, 73, 100) ................................................................................................ 31

– Scape light brown or lighter (e.g., Figs 49, 53, 63, 69) .................................................................. 34

31. Mesosoma dark brown and metasoma brown or partially yellowish, but not amber-coloured (Figs 44, 73, 100) ........................................................................................................................................... 32

– Mesosoma amber-coloured, ventrolateral parts darker than rest and metasoma amber-coloured (Fig. 58D) ......................................................................................................... C. kaharabu sp. nov.

32. Head dark brown; legs yellowish except coxae partially dark brown and light brown, syntergite brown (Figs 44, 73); harpe/gvc index ≤ 0.47 (Figs 44, 73) ............................................................ 33

– Head brown, legs brown except tarsi yellowish, syntergite light brown-yellowish (Sundholm 1970: 359; Fig. 100B); harpe/gvc index 0.58 (Sundholm 1970: 361, fig. 135; Fig. 100A) ......................... ............................................................................................................ C. cephalotes Sundholm, 1970

33. Dorsomedial margin of harpe straight and slightly diverging distolaterally only in basal half, straight and parallel to other harpe in apical half (Fig. 44C); harpe with at least three lateral setae distributed along apical third (Fig. 44A, C) .................................................... C. chemositi sp. nov.

– Dorsomedial margin of harpe straight and slightly diverging distolaterally from base to apex (Fig. 73C); harpe with at least two lateral setae situated closely together at middle of harpe (Fig. 73A, C) ......................................................................................................... C. nandi sp. nov.

34. Lateral margin of harpe straight or slightly concave (Figs 39, 53, 57, 60, 79, 83) ......................... 35

– Lateral margin of harpe at least slightly convex (e.g., Figs 55, 59, 63, 70, 74) ............................. 40

35. Longest apical setae of harpe shorter than harpe (e.g., Fig. 60A–C) ............................................. 36

– Longest apical setae of harpe longer than harpe (Fig. 53A–C) ...................... C. hitagarciai sp. nov.

36. Flagellum gradually darkening from F1 to F9 (e.g., Fig. 57D) ...................................................... 37

– Flagellum with no colour gradient from F1 to F9 (Fig. 39D) ................................ C. banda sp. nov.

37. Weber length ≤ 1.82 × genital length (Figs 57, 60) ......................................................................... 38

– Weber length ≥ 2.44 × genital length (Figs 79, 83) ......................................................................... 39

38. F1 shorter than F9; anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex extending to end of mesosoma (Fig. 60D); harpe/gvc index 0.32 (Fig. 60A–C) ................ .................................................................................................................. C. kakamegaensis sp. nov.

– F1 as long as F9; anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex exceeding end of mesosoma (Fig. 57D); harpe/gvc index 0.46 (Fig. 57A–C) ................................... ......................................................................................................................... C. ivindoensis sp. nov.

39. F1 2.8× as long as wide; F6 2.1× as long as wide (Fig. 83D); longest median setae of harpe one quarter as long as harpe (Fig. 83A–C) ............................................................. C. tenuimeris sp. nov.

– F1 2.2× as long as wide, F6 1.8× as long as wide (Fig. 79D); longest median setae of harpe more than three quarters as long as harpe (Fig. 79A–C) ................................................ C. salazar sp. nov.

40. Harpe trapezoidal (Figs 55, 70) ...................................................................................................... 41

– Harpe triangular to cone-shaped or cone-shaped (e.g., Figs 49, 56) .............................................. 42

41. F6 1.4× as long as wide, metapleuron without sculpture (Fig. 55D); harpe/gvc index 0.30; genital moderately sclerotized (Fig. 55A–C) ................................................................. C. isecheno sp. nov.

– F6 1.8× as long as wide, metapleuron distinctly sculptured (Fig. 70D); harpe/gvc index 0.48; genital weakly sclerotized (Fig. 70A–C) ................................................................ C. metapleuralis sp. nov.

42. Gvc width more than three quarters of gvc length (e.g., Fig. 74A, C) ........................................... 43

– Gvc width less than three quarters of gvc length (e.g., Fig. 56A, C) ............................................. 45

43. OOL:POL ≤ 2.08; longest apical setae of harpe two thirds as long as harpe or shorter; genitalia moderately sclerotized (e.g., Fig. 63A–C) ...................................................................................... 44

– OOL:POL 3.33; longest apical setae of harpe more than three quarters as long as harpe; genitalia weakly sclerotized, almost transparent (Fig. 74A–C) .............................................. C. nzoia sp. nov.

44. Scape 4.7× as long as pedicel; F6 1.4× as long as wide (Fig. 63D); gvc width 1.29× distal gvc width (Fig. 63A, C) ....................................................................................................... C. lirhanda sp. nov.

– Scape 2.9× as long as pedicel; F6 1.8× as long as wide (Fig. 49D); gvc width 1.16× distal gvc width (Fig. 49A, C) ............................................................................................................ C. ekero sp. nov.

45. Gvc width ≥ 1.33 × distal gvc width (e.g., Fig. 85A, C) ................................................................. 46

– Gvc width ≤ 1.26 × distal gvc width (e.g., Fig. 69A, C) ................................................................. 47

46. Weber length 2.05 × genital length (Fig. 59); harpe/gvc index 0.37; genitalia moderately sclerotized with weakest sclerotization at harpe (Fig. 59A–C) ..................................... C. kaimosiensis sp. nov.

– Weber length 3.43–3.60× genital length (Fig. 85); harpe/gvc index 0.57; genitalia weakly sclerotized with more strongly sclerotized apex of harpe (Fig. 85A–C) ............................ C. trietschae sp. nov.

47. Mesosoma uniformly dark brown or brown (e.g., Fig. 56D); longest lateral setae of harpe slightly more than half as long as harpe or less than half as long as harpe (e.g., Fig. 56A–C) ................... 48

– Mesosoma brown with light brown mesoscutellum (Fig. 47D); longest lateral setae of harpe more than two thirds as long as harpe (Fig 47A–C) .......................................................... C. digiti sp. nov.

48. F6 ≥ 1.9× as long as wide (Figs 52, 69D); harpe/gvc index ≤ 0.43 (Figs 52, 69A–C) .................. 49

– F6 1.4× as long as wide (Fig. 56D); harpe/gvc index 0.52 (Fig. 56A–C) ............. C. isukha sp. nov.

49. Scape and pedicel light brown; scape 4.8× as long as pedicel (Fig. 69D); longest lateral setae half as long as harpe (Fig. 69A–C) ......................................................................... C. mamamutere sp. nov.

– Scape and pedicel yellowish; scape 3.9× as long as pedicel (Fig. 52D); longest lateral setae more than half as long as harpe (Fig. 52A–C) ............................................................... C. herreni sp. nov.